Buga kwamiti na kewaye (PCB) is the support of circuit components and components in electronic products. It provides the electrical connection between circuit components and components. It is the most basic component of various electronic equipment, and its performance is directly related to the quality of electronic equipment. Tare da haɓaka ƙungiyar bayanai, kowane nau’in samfuran lantarki galibi suna aiki tare, kuma tsangwama tsakanin su yana daɗa ƙaruwa. Sabili da haka, jituwa na lantarki ya zama mabuɗin aikin al’ada na tsarin lantarki. Hakanan, tare da haɓaka fasahar lantarki, yawan PCB yana ƙaruwa da haɓaka. Ingancin ƙirar PCB yana da babban tasiri akan tsangwama da ikon hana tsangwama na kewaye. Baya ga zaɓin abubuwan haɗin gwiwa da ƙirar kewaya, wayoyi masu kyau na PCB suma suna da matukar mahimmanci a cikin jituwa na lantarki don mafi kyawun aikin hanyoyin lantarki.

Since the PCB is an inherent component of the system, enhancing electromagnetic compatibility in the PCB wiring does not incur additional costs to the final product completion. Koyaya, a cikin ƙirar allon kewaye, masu zanen samfuri galibi suna mai da hankali ne kawai don haɓaka ƙima, rage aikin sararin samaniya, samarwa mai sauƙi, ko bin kyawawan, shimfida madaidaiciya, yin watsi da tasirin shimfidar kewaye akan daidaiton lantarki, don haka babban yawan siginar radiation a cikin sararin samaniya don haifar da fitina. Matakan PCB mara kyau na iya haifar da matsalolin emc fiye da yadda zai iya kawar da su. A lokuta da yawa, har da ƙara matattara da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa baya magance waɗannan matsalolin. Daga ƙarshe, dole ne a sake canza hukumar gaba ɗaya. Sabili da haka, haɓaka ingantattun halaye na wayoyin PCB shine hanya mafi inganci don farawa.

Abu daya da za a lura da shi shine cewa babu tsauraran dokoki don wayoyin PCB kuma babu takamaiman dokoki waɗanda ke rufe duk wayoyin PCB. Yawancin wayoyin PCB an iyakance su da girman allon da’irar da adadin yadudduka na jan ƙarfe. Wasu dabaru na wayoyi waɗanda za a iya amfani da su zuwa da’irar ɗaya amma ba ga wani sun dogara da ƙwarewar injiniyan wayoyi ba. Akwai, duk da haka, wasu ƙa’idodi na gabaɗaya, waɗanda za a tattauna a ƙasa.

Don ingancin ƙira mai kyau. PCB tare da ƙarancin farashi yakamata ya bi ƙa’idodin gabaɗaya masu zuwa:

2. Layout na abubuwan akan PCB

Da farko, ya zama dole ayi la’akari da girman PCB yayi yawa. Lokacin da girman PCB ya yi yawa, layin da aka buga yana da tsawo, rashin ƙarfi yana ƙaruwa, ikon hana amo yana raguwa, kuma farashin yana ƙaruwa. Ƙaramin ƙanƙara, watsewar zafi ba shi da kyau, kuma layukan da ke kusa suna da saukin kutse. Bayan kayyade girman PCB. Sa’an nan gano wuri na musamman aka gyara. A ƙarshe, gwargwadon sashin aikin da’irar, duk abubuwan da ke kewaye sun fito.

A digital circuit in an electronic device. Yanayin analog da tsarin abubuwan da ke kewaye da wutar lantarki da halaye na wayoyi sun bambanta, suna samar da tsangwama da hanyoyin danniya kutse. Also high frequency. Saboda mitar daban -daban, katsalandan na mitar kewayon mitar da hanyar hana tsangwama daban. Don haka a cikin shimfidar yanki, da’irar dijital yakamata ta kasance. The analog circuit and the power supply circuit are placed separately to separate the high frequency circuit from the low frequency circuit. If there are conditions, they should be isolated or made into a circuit board separately. Bugu da ƙari, shimfidar wuri ya kamata ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga mai ƙarfi. Weak signal device distribution and signal transmission direction.

In printed board layout high speed. Don madaidaiciyar hanzari da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar hanya, yakamata a shirya abubuwan da aka tsara a cikin hanyar da aka nuna a cikin Hoto 1-1.

Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran hanyoyin dabaru, yakamata a sanya abubuwan haɗin kamar yadda zai yiwu ga juna don samun ingantaccen tasirin amo. The position of components on the PRINTED circuit board should take full account of emi. Ofaya daga cikin ƙa’idodin shine kiyaye jagora tsakanin abubuwan da aka gyara a takaice. Dangane da shimfidawa, ɓangaren siginar analog, ɓangaren kewaya na dijital mai sauri, da ɓangaren tushen amo (kamar relay, babban canji na yanzu, da sauransu) yakamata a ware su yadda yakamata don rage siginar siginar tsakanin su, kamar yadda aka nuna a Figure 1 -②.

Clock generator. Crystal oscillator and CPU clock input are prone to noise, to be closer to each other. Noisy devices. Low current circuit. Large current circuits should be kept away from logic circuits as far as possible. Yana da mahimmanci a yi allon kewaya daban idan zai yiwu.

2.1 The following principles shall be observed when determining the location of special components: (1) Shorten the connection between high-frequency components as far as possible, and try to reduce their distribution parameters and electromagnetic interference between each other. Abubuwan da ke cikin damuwa da sauƙi kada su kasance kusa da juna, kuma abubuwan shigarwa da fitarwa yakamata su kasance masu nisa sosai.

(2) Akwai yuwuwar babban bambanci tsakanin wasu kayan aiki ko wayoyi, don haka yakamata a ƙara tazara tsakanin su don gujewa gajeriyar gaɓoɓin da ke haifar da fitarwa. Abubuwan da ke da babban ƙarfin lantarki yakamata a sanya su a cikin wuraren da ba za a iya samun sauƙin su da hannu ba yayin cire kuskure.

(3) Abubuwan da nauyinsu ya wuce 15g. Ya kamata a yi ƙarfin hali sannan a yi walda. Waɗannan babba ne kuma masu nauyi. Ba za a shigar da abubuwan da ke da ƙima mai ƙima ba akan allon da aka buga, amma a kan chassis na injin duka, kuma ya kamata a yi la’akari da matsalar watsa zafi. Ya kamata a kiyaye abubuwa masu zafi daga abubuwan dumama.

(4) don potentiometer. Daidaitacce inductor nada. M capacitor. Tsarin shimfidar daidaitattun abubuwa kamar microswitch yakamata yayi la’akari da buƙatun tsarin injin gaba ɗaya. Idan daidaitawar injin, yakamata a sanya shi akan allon da aka buga sama da sauƙi don daidaita wurin; Idan an daidaita injin a waje, yakamata a daidaita matsayin sa zuwa matsayin madaidaicin ƙwanƙwasa a kan rukunin chassis.

(5) Matsayin da ke cike da ramin sakawa da madaidaicin sashin allon bugawa ya kamata a keɓe.

2.2 Layout na duk abubuwan da ke kewaye kamar yadda sassan aikin kewaya za su bi ka’idodi masu zuwa:

(1) Shirya matsayin kowane sashin da’irar aiki gwargwadon tsarin da’irar, don shimfiɗar ta dace da kwararar sigina kuma siginar tana riƙe da madaidaicin hanya ɗaya gwargwadon iko.

(2) Zuwa manyan sassan kowane da’irar aiki azaman cibiyar, a kusa da ita don aiwatar da shimfidar. Abubuwan da aka gyara ya zama daidai. Kuma shirya. Karamin tsari akan PCB don ragewa da rage gubar da haɗi tsakanin abubuwan. (3) Don da’irori da ke aiki a manyan mitoci, yakamata a yi la’akari da sigogin da aka rarraba tsakanin abubuwan. A cikin da’irori na gaba ɗaya, yakamata a shirya abubuwan da aka tsara daidai gwargwado. Ta wannan hanyar, ba kawai kyakkyawa ba, kuma mai sauƙin shigar walda, mai sauƙin samar da taro.

(4) Abubuwan da ke gefen gefen allon kewaye, gabaɗaya ba kasa da 2mm daga gefen allon kewaye ba. Mafi kyawun siffar allon kewaye shine rectangle. Length to width ratio 3: 2 ko 4: 3. Girman allon kewaye ya fi 200x150mm. Ya kamata a yi la’akari da ƙarfin inji na hukumar da’irar.

2.3 Gabaɗaya buƙatun shimfidawa don abubuwan haɗin PCB:

Dole ne a shimfiɗa abubuwan da’irori da hanyoyin sigina don rage haɗewar siginar da ba a so:

(1) Ƙananan tashar siginar lantarki bai kamata ta kasance kusa da babban tashar siginar siginar da layin wutar ba tare da tacewa ba, gami da da’irar da za ta iya samar da tsarin wucewa.

(2) Raba madaidaicin matakin analog daga da’irar dijital don gujewa da’irar analog. Da’irar dijital da madaidaicin madaidaicin wutar lantarki suna samar da haɗin gwiwa na kowa.

(3) babba. A cikin. Hanyoyin dabaru masu saurin gudu suna amfani da yankuna daban -daban akan PCB.

(4) Ya kamata a rage tsawon layin siginar lokacin da aka shirya da’ira

(5) Tabbatar tsakanin faranti na kusa. Tsakanin yadudduka na kusa da jirgi ɗaya. Kada ku sami igiyoyin sigina a layi ɗaya masu tsayi da yawa tsakanin igiyoyin da ke kusa da su a cikin faifai ɗaya.

(6) Filin katsalandan na lantarki (EMI) yakamata ya kasance kusa da tushen EMI sosai kuma a sanya shi a kan katako ɗaya.

(7) Mai canza DC/DC. Abubuwan canzawa da masu gyara yakamata a sanya su kusa da transformer don rage girman wayoyin su

(8) Sanya madaidaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki da tace capacitor kamar yadda zai yiwu ga diode mai gyara.

(9) An raba allon buga gwargwadon mita da halayen canzawa na yanzu, kuma abun hayaniya da abun da ba amo ba yakamata suyi nesa.

(10) Wayoyin da ke da hayaniya kada su kasance daidai da layin juyawa mai saurin gudu.