I tulaga o tekonolosi faʻaonapo nei, o le lalolagi o loʻo tuputupu aʻe i se saoasaoa tele fua faatatau, ma o ana faatosinaga e mafai ona faigofie ona faʻatinoina i o tatou olaga i aso uma. The way we live has changed dramatically and this technological advance has led to many advanced devices that we didn’t even think of 10 years ago. O le autu o nei masini o eletise inisinia, ma o le autu o lolomi laupapa matagaluega (PCB).

O le PCB e masani ona lanumeamata ma o se tino maumaututū ma eseese eletise vaega o loʻo iai. These components are welded to the PCB in a process called “PCB assembly” or PCBA. O le PCB aofia ai se substrate faia i fau tioata, apamemea faaputuga e faia aʻe ai le ala, pu e fausia ai le vaega, ma faaputuga e mafai ona i totonu ma fafo. I le RayPCB, e mafai ona matou tuʻuina atu i le 1-36 faaputuga mo tele-vaega PROTOTYPES ma 1-10 faaputuga mo tele faaputuga o PCB mo voluma gaosiga. For single-sided and double-sided PCBS, an outer layer exists but no inner layer.

The substrate and components are insulated with solder film and held together with epoxy resin.The welding mask can be green, blue or red, as is common in PCB colors. O le ufiufi ufimata o le a faʻatagaina le vaega e aloese mai le puʻupuʻu-faʻasolosolo i le ala poʻo isi vaega.

O loʻo faʻaaoga metotia faʻaeletise e fesiitaʻi ai faʻailoilo faʻaeletise mai le tasi itu i le isi luga o le PCB. These signals can be high-speed digital signals or discrete analog signals. O nei uaea mafai ona faia mafiafia ina ia mafai ona maua ai le paoa / paoa mo eletise sapalai le paoa.

I le tele o PCBS o loʻo maua ai le maualuga voltage pe o loʻo iai nei, e iai le vaʻalele e vavae ese. Components on the top layer are connected to the internal GND plane or internal signal layer via “Vias”.

Ua potopoto vaega i luga ole PCB e mafai ai e le PCB ona faʻagaioia pei ona fuafuaina. The most important thing is PCB function. Tusa lava pe le tuʻu saʻo ia resistors laiti SMT, pe tusa foi pe tipi tamaʻi ala mai le PCB, e ono le galue le PCB. O le mea lea, e taua le faʻaputuputuina o mea i se auala saʻo. O le PCB pe a faʻaputuputu mea e taua o le PCBA poʻo le faʻapotopotoga PCB.

Faʻamoemoeina i faʻamatalaga ua faʻamatalaina e le tagata faʻatau poʻo le tagata faʻaaoga, o le gaioiga a le PCB atonu e faigata pe faigofie. PCB size also varies according to requirements.

The PCB assembly process has both automatic and manual processes, which we will discuss.

PCB vaega ma le ata

E pei ona taʻua i luga, e tele faailoilo va i le va o pito i fafo. Now we will discuss the types of outer layers and functions.

Understand PCB board assembly process and feel the green charm of PCBD

1 – Substrate: O lenei o se maumaa ipu faia i FR-4 mea lea e “faʻatumuina” pe uʻamea vaega. Lenei maua ai maʻaʻa mo le PCB.

2- Copper layer: Thin copper foil is applied to the top and bottom of the PCB to make the top and bottom copper trace.

3- ufimata ueloina: E faʻaaogaina i le pito i luga ma lalo vaega o le PCB. This is used to create non-conducting areas of the PCB and insulate the copper traces from each other to protect against short circuits. O le ufiufi ufimata e ‘alo foʻi i le faʻamama vaega le manaʻomia ma faʻamautinoa o solder ulufale atu i le eria mo uelo, pei o pu ma pads. These holes connect the THT component to the PCB while the PAD is used to hold the SMT component.

4- Screen: The white labels we see on PCBS for component codes, such as R1, C1 or some description on PCBS or company logos, are all made of screen layers. O le laupepa faʻaavanoa maua ai taua faʻamatalaga e uiga i le PCB.

There are 3 types of PCBS according to the substrate classification

1- Rigid PCB:

PCBs o le tele o masini PCB tatou vaʻaia i eseese ituaiga o PCBs. Nei faigata, maumaa ma malosi PCBS, ma eseese mafiafia. The main material is fiberglass or simple “FR4”. FR4 o lona uiga o le “flame retarder-4”. O le tagata lava ia e tineia uiga o le FR-4 faia aoga mo le faʻaaogaina o le tele-autu alamanuia eletise masini eletise. The FR-4 has thin layers of copper foil on both sides, also known as copper-clad laminates. Fr-4 apamemea ofu laminates e tele lava ina faʻaaogaina i le mana amplifiers, fesuiaʻi auala eletise sapalai, servo afi avetaʻavale, ma isi I leisi itu, o leisi PCB substrate maumaututū e masani ona faʻaaogaina i mea faigaluega a le fale ma mea IT e taua o le pepa phenolic PCB. Latou e mama, maualalo maualalo, taugofie ma faigofie e tuʻi. Calculator, keyboard ma isumu nisi o ona faʻaoga.

2- Flexible PCB:

Made from substrate materials such as Kapton, flexible PCBS can withstand very high temperatures while being as thick as 0.005 inches. It can be easily bent and used in connectors for wearable electronics, LCD monitors or laptops, keyboards and cameras, etc.

3-metal core PCB:

In addition, another PCB substrate can be used like aluminum, which is very efficient for cooling.O nei ituaiga o PCBS mafai ona faʻaaogaina mo apalai e manaʻomia vaega vevela e pei o maualuga paoa leds, leisa diodes, etc.

Installation technology type:

SMT: SMT tu mo le “luga mauga tekonolosi”. SMT vaega e laʻititi i le lapoʻa ma sau i ato eseese e pei o 0402,0603 1608 mo resistors ma capacitors. Faʻapena foi, mo tuʻufaʻatasia ics ics, ua ia i matou SOIC, TSSOP, QFP ma BGA.

SMT potopotoga e faigata tele mo lima o tagata ma mafai ona avea o se taimi gaioiga gaioiga, o lea e muamua faia e otometi pikiina ma faʻatutuina robots.

THT: THT o loʻo tu mo faʻasologa-pu tekinolosi. Components with leads and wires, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, PDIP ics, transformers, transistors, IGBT, MOSFET, etc.

The components must be inserted on one side of the PCB on one component and pulled by the leg on the other side, cut the leg and welded. THT assembly is usually done by hand welding and is relatively easy.

Fonotaga gaioiga manaʻoga:

Prior to the actual PCB fabrication and PCB assembly process, the manufacturer checks the PCB for any defects or errors in the PCB that could cause the failure. This process is called the Manufacturing design (DFM) process. E tatau ona faʻatinoina e le au gaosi oloa nei laʻasaga masani ole DFM e mautinoa ai le le atoatoa ole PCB.

1- Component layout considerations: Through-holes must be checked for components with polarity. Like electrolytic capacitors must be checked polarity, diode anode and cathode polarity check, SMT tantalum capacitor polarity check. IC notch / ulu faʻasinoga e tatau ona siaki.

O le elemeni manaʻomia le vevela magoto tatau ona lava le avanoa e ofi ai isi elemeni ina ia le pa paʻu le vevela.

2-Hole and through-hole spacing:

The spacing between holes and between holes and traces should be checked. Pad ma e ala i le pu e le tatau ona fesiliaʻi.

3- Brazing pad, thickness, line width shall be taken into account.

By performing DFM inspections, manufacturers can easily reduce manufacturing costs by reducing the number of scrap panels. This will help in fast steering by avoiding DFM level failures. At RayPCB, we provide DFM and DFT inspection in circuit assembly and prototyping. I le RayPCB, matou te faʻaaogaina le mea sili ona lelei OEM mea faigaluega e tuʻuina atu ai PCB auaunaga OEM, galu soldering, PCB pepa faʻataʻitaʻiga ma SMT potopoto.

PCB Assembly (PCBA) laʻasaga i lea laasaga:

Laasaga 1: Faʻaoga paʻu faʻapipiʻi faʻaaoga le template

First, we apply solder paste to the area of the PCB that fits the component. This is done by applying solder paste to the stainless steel template. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga ma le PCB o loʻo taofia faʻatasi e se masini masini, ma o le faʻapipiʻi faʻapipiʻi e faʻaaogaina tutusa i avanoa uma i totonu o le laupapa e ala i se tagata faʻapipiʻi. Apply solder paste evenly with applicator. O le mea lea, tatau ona faʻaaoga le faʻapipiʻi faʻapipiʻi i le tagata apalai. A aveʻese le tagata faʻaoga, e tumau pea le faʻapipiʻi i le vaega manaʻomia o le PCB. Paʻu efuefu faapipii 96.5% faia i apa, o loʻo iai le 3% siliva ma le 0.5% ‘apamemea, taʻimua leai se totogi. After heating in Step 3, the solder paste will melt and form a strong bond.

Step 2: Automatic placement of components:

Le sitepu lona lua ole PCBA ole otometi lava ona tuʻu iai vaega ole SMT ile PCB. Lenei e faia i le faʻaaogaina o se piki ma le nofoaga robot. I le tulaga mamanu, faia e le tisainiina se faila ma avatua i le robot otometi. O lenei faila o loʻo muaʻi faʻapolokalameina X, Y faʻamaopoopo o vaega taʻitasi na faʻaaogaina i le PCB ma faʻailoa ai le tulaga o mea uma. Using this information, the robot only needs to place the SMD device accurately on the board. The pick and place robot will pick up components from its vacuum fixture and place them accurately on the solder paste.

Ae le i oʻo mai le robotic pickup ma le faʻatutuina o masini, o tekinolosi o le a pikiina vaega e faʻaaoga ai tweezers ma tuʻu i luga o le PCB e ala i le vaʻai totoʻa i le nofoaga ma aloese mai soʻosoʻo lima. This results in high levels of fatigue and poor vision for technicians, and leads to a slow PCB assembly process for SMT parts. Ma o le avanoa mo mea sese e maualuga.

A o matua tekonolosi, otometi robots e piki ma tuu vaega faʻaititia le mamafa o galuega o enisinia, mafai ai vave ma sao vaega tuu. O nei robots mafai ona galue 24/7 aunoa ma le lelava.

Laasaga 3: Toe faʻasuina

The third step after setting up the elements and applying the solder paste is reflux welding. Reflow welding is the process of placing the PCB on a conveyor belt with components. The conveyor then moves the PCB and components into a large oven, which produces a temperature of 250 o C. O le vevela ua lava e liusuavai le solder. O le solder solder ona taofia lea o le vaega i le PCB ma fausia ai le soʻoga. After high temperature treatment, the PCB enters the cooler. These coolers then solidify the solder joints in a controlled manner. Lenei o le a faʻamautuina ai se fesoʻotaʻiga tumau i le va o le SMT vaega ma le PCB. I le tulaga o le PCB itu-lua, e pei ona faʻamatalaina i luga, o le itu PCB ma ni vaega laiti pe laʻititi o le a muamua togafitia mai sitepu 1 i le 3, ona faʻapea atu lea i le isi itu.

Understand PCB board assembly process and feel the green charm of PCBD

Laasaga 4: Tulaga lelei asiasiga ma asiasiga

A maeʻa le faʻapipiʻi o le soldering, e mafai ona faʻaseseina vaega ona o ni gaioiga le saʻo i totonu o le PCB tray, ma e ono iʻu ai i ni fesoʻotaʻiga puʻupuʻu pe matala. These defects need to be identified, and this identification process is called inspection. O asiasiga e mafai ona avea ma tusi lesona ma otometi.

A. Manual check:

Because the PCB has small SMT components, visual inspection of the board for any misalignment or malfunction can cause technician fatigue and eye strain. O le mea lea, o lenei metotia e le talafeagai mo muamua SMT laupapa ona o le saʻo faʻaiuga. Ae ui i lea, o lenei metotia e mafai mo ipu ma THT vaega ma maualalo vaega density.

B. Faʻamatalaga vaʻaia:

O lenei metotia e mafai mo tele tele o PCBS. O le metotia faʻaaogaina masini otometi ma maualuga paoa ma maualuga maualuga mea pueata faʻapipiʻiina i itu eseese e matamata i le soʻoga sooga soʻo mai itu uma. Faʻamoemoeina i le tulaga lelei o le soʻoga soʻoga, o le malamalama o le a atagia ese ese le soʻoga soʻoga i eseese itu. This automatic optical inspection (AOI) machine is very fast and can process large quantities of PCBS in a very short time.

CX – ray inspection:

The X-ray machine allows technicians to scan the PCB to see internal defects. This is not a common inspection method and is only used for complex and advanced PCBS. If not used properly, these inspection methods may result in rework or PCB obsoletion. O asiasiga e manaʻomia ona faia e le aunoa ina ia aloese mai le tuai, galuega ma mea tau.

Laasaga 5: THT vaega faʻamau ma maopoopo

O vaega o loʻo i totonu o le pu e masani i luga ole tele o laupapa PCB. These components are also called plated through holes (PTH). O luma o nei vaega o le a pasi i pu i le PCB. O nei pu e fesoʻotaʻi i isi pu ma ala i pu e ala i faʻamau ‘apamemea. A o nei THT elemeni ua faʻaofiina ma ueloina i totonu o nei pu, latou e fesoʻotaʻi eletise i isi pu i luga o le PCB tutusa pei o le fuafuaina matagaluega. These PCBS may contain some THT components and many SMD components, so the welding method described above is not suitable for THT components in the case of SMT components such as reflow welding. Ma o le lua autu ituaiga o THT vaega o loʻo ueloina pe faʻatasia

A. Maea tusi lesona:

Manual welding methods are common and often require more time than an automated setup for SMT. O se enisinia e masani ona tofia e tuʻuina se tasi vaega i le taimi ma pasi le laupapa i isi tekinolosi faʻaofi se isi vaega i luga o le laupapa e tasi. O le mea lea, o le matagaluega laupapa o le a minoi faataamilo i le potopotoga laina e maua ai le PTH vaega e faʻatumu ai. Lenei faia ai le gaioiga umi, ma tele PCB tisaini ma fale gaosi kamupani aloese mai le faʻaaogaina o PTH vaega ia latou matagaluega mamanu. Ae o le PTH vaega tumau pea le sili ona fiafia i ai ma sili ona masani ona faʻaaogaina elemeni e le tele matagaluega ata.

B. Soldering galu:

O le otometi faʻamatalaga o tusi lesona maopoopo o galu maopoopo. I lenei metotia, pe a tuʻu le elemeni PTH luga o le PCB, ona tuʻu le PCB i luga o le fusipaʻu ua ave ma ave i se ogaumu faʻapitoa. Lenei, galu o uʻamea solder palu i totonu o le faʻavae o le PCB o loʻo i ai le vaega taʻitaʻi o loʻo i ai. Lenei o le a maeʻa pine uma pine i le taimi nei. However, this method only works with single-sided PCBS and not double-sided PCBS, as melted solder on one side of the PCB can damage components on the other. A maeʻa lea, ave le PCB mo le siakiina mulimuli.

Sitepu 6: Suʻesuʻega mulimuli ma suʻega e fai ai

PCB ua sauni nei mo suʻega ma asiasiga. This is a functional test in which electrical signals and power are given to the PCB at the specified pins and the output is checked at the specified test point or output connector. This test requires common laboratory instruments such as oscilloscopes, digital multimeters, and function generators

O lenei suʻega e faʻaaoga e siaki ai le faʻagaioiga ma le eletise uiga o le PCB ma faʻamaonia le taimi nei, voltage, analog ma numera faʻailoga ma matagaluega mamanu faʻamatalaina i le PCB manaʻoga.

Afai o se tasi o le PCB tapulaʻa faʻaalia le taliaina taliaina, o le PCB o le a tiaʻiina pe soloia e tusa ai ma le masani kamupani faʻagasologa. E taua le vaega suʻega aua e iloa ai le manuia poʻo le le manuia o le atoa faʻagaioiga PCBA.

Laasaga 7: Faʻamamaina mulimuli, faʻamaeʻaina ma lafoina:

Now that the PCB has been tested in all aspects and declared normal, it is time to clean up unwanted residual flux, finger grime and oil. O uamea e faʻavaeina i luga o le paʻu le mamafa o mea faigaluega e faʻaaoga i le suavai faʻaolaina e lava e fufulu uma ai ituaiga palapala. E le faʻaleagaina e le vai Deionized le taʻamilosaga PCB. A maeʻa ona fufuluina, faʻamamago le PCB i le ea faʻapipiʻiina. O le mulimuli PCB ua sauni nei e teu ma lafoina.