1 Mafunso

Ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mapangidwe ovuta komanso kuphatikiza kwa makina amagetsi, kuthamanga kwa wotchi ndi nthawi yokwera kwa zipangizo zikukwera mofulumira komanso mofulumira, ndipo liwiro PCB kupanga kwakhala gawo lofunikira pakupanga mapangidwe. Mu mapangidwe othamanga kwambiri, inductance ndi capacitance pa mzere wa board board zimapangitsa waya kukhala wofanana ndi chingwe chotumizira. Mawonekedwe olakwika a zigawo zoyimitsa kapena mawaya olakwika a ma siginali othamanga kwambiri angayambitse mavuto obwera chifukwa cha njira yopatsira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutulutsa kolakwika kwa data kuchokera pamakina, kugwira ntchito molakwika kapena kusagwira ntchito konse. Kutengera mtundu wa chingwe chotumizira, kuti tifotokoze mwachidule, chingwe chotumizira chidzabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa monga kuwonetsa ma siginecha, crosstalk, kusokoneza ma elekitirodi, mphamvu zamagetsi ndi phokoso lapansi pamapangidwe ozungulira.

Kuti akonze mkulu-liwiro PCB dera bolodi kuti akhoza kugwira ntchito modalirika, kapangidwe ayenera mokwanira ndi mosamala kuganizira kuthetsa mavuto ena osadalirika amene angachitike pa masanjidwe ndi mayendedwe, kufupikitsa mkombero chitukuko mankhwala, ndi patsogolo mpikisano msika.

Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito zida zopangira PROTEL pamapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri a PCB

2 Kamangidwe kapamwamba kachitidwe kafupipafupi

Mu mapangidwe a PCB a dera, masanjidwewo ndi ulalo wofunikira. Chotsatira cha masanjidwewo chidzakhudza mwachindunji zotsatira za mawaya ndi kudalirika kwa dongosolo, lomwe ndilo nthawi yambiri komanso yovuta pakupanga gulu lonse losindikizidwa. Malo ovuta a PCB othamanga kwambiri amapangitsa kuti mapangidwe apangidwe kachitidwe kapamwamba kwambiri agwiritse ntchito chidziwitso chophunzitsidwa bwino. Zimafunika kuti munthu amene amayala ayenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso chochuluka pakupanga PCB yothamanga kwambiri, kuti apewe kupotoza pakupanga. Limbikitsani kuti ntchito yoyang’anira dera ikhale yodalirika komanso yogwira mtima. Pokonza masanjidwewo, kuganizira mozama kuyenera kuganiziridwa pamakina, kutulutsa kutentha, kusokoneza ma electromagnetic, kusavuta kwa waya wam’tsogolo, komanso kukongola.

Choyamba, musanayambe masanjidwe, dera lonse limagawidwa kukhala ntchito. Dera lapamwamba kwambiri limasiyanitsidwa ndi dera laling’ono, ndipo dera la analogi ndi dera la digito limalekanitsidwa. Dera lililonse logwira ntchito limayikidwa pafupi kwambiri ndi pakati pa chip. Pewani kuchedwa kufalitsa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mawaya ataliatali kwambiri, ndipo sinthani mphamvu yolumikizira ya ma capacitor. Kuphatikiza apo, tcherani khutu ku malo achibale ndi mayendedwe pakati pa zikhomo ndi zigawo zozungulira ndi machubu ena kuti muchepetse kukopa kwawo. Zigawo zonse zapamwamba kwambiri ziyenera kukhala kutali ndi chassis ndi mbale zina zachitsulo kuti muchepetse kulumikizana kwa parasitic.

Chachiwiri, chidwi chiyenera kuperekedwa ku zotsatira za kutentha ndi ma electromagnetic pakati pa zigawo panthawi ya masanjidwe. Zotsatirazi ndizowopsa kwambiri pamakina othamanga kwambiri, ndipo njira zopewera kapena kudzipatula, kutentha ndi chishango ziyenera kutengedwa. Chubu chowongolera mphamvu zambiri ndi chubu chosinthira chiyenera kukhala ndi radiator ndikusungidwa kutali ndi chosinthira. Zigawo zosagwirizana ndi kutentha monga electrolytic capacitors ziyenera kusungidwa kutali ndi zigawo zotentha, mwinamwake electrolyte idzauma, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisawonongeke komanso kusagwira bwino ntchito, zomwe zidzakhudza kukhazikika kwa dera. Malo okwanira ayenera kusiyidwa mu masanjidwe kukonza dongosolo zoteteza ndi kupewa kuyambitsa zosiyanasiyana parasitic couplings. Kuti mupewe kulumikizana kwa ma elekitiromatiki pakati pa ma koyilo pa bolodi losindikizidwa, ma koyilo awiriwa amayenera kuyikidwa pamakona olondola kuti achepetse kuphatikizikako. Njira yodzipatula yokhazikika ya mbale ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji chitsogozo cha chigawocho kuti chigulitsidwe ku dera. The lalifupi kutsogolo, bwino. Osagwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira ndi ma tabo a soldering chifukwa pali mwayi wogawidwa ndi ma inductance omwe amagawidwa pakati pa ma tabo oyandikana nawo. Pewani kuyika zida zaphokoso kwambiri mozungulira crystal oscillator, RIN, voliyumu ya analogi, ndi kutsata ma siginecha.

Pomaliza, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chibadwidwe ndi kudalirika, ndikuganizira kukongola konseko, kukonzekera koyenera kwa board board kuyenera kuchitika. The zigawo zikuluzikulu ayenera kufanana kapena perpendicular kwa bolodi pamwamba, ndi kufanana kapena perpendicular waukulu bolodi m’mphepete. Kugawidwa kwa zigawo pamwamba pa bolodi kuyenera kukhala monga momwe zingathere ndipo kachulukidwe kake kayenera kukhala kofanana. Mwa njira iyi, sizokongola kokha, komanso zosavuta kusonkhanitsa ndi kutenthetsa, ndipo ndizosavuta kupanga zambiri.

3 Wiring wa ma frequency system apamwamba

M’mabwalo othamanga kwambiri, magawo ogawa a kukana, capacitance, inductance ndi kugwirizana kwa mawaya ogwirizanitsa sangathe kunyalanyazidwa. Kuchokera pakuwona zotsutsana ndi kusokoneza, wiring wololera ndikuyesera kuchepetsa kukana kwa mzere, kugawidwa kwa capacitance, ndi inductance yosokera mu dera. , Zotsatira zosokera za maginito zimachepetsedwa kukhala zochepa, kotero kuti mphamvu yogawidwa, kutayikira kwa maginito, kutsekemera kwamagetsi ndi kusokoneza kwina chifukwa cha phokoso kumaponderezedwa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zopangira PROTEL ku China kwakhala kofala kwambiri. Komabe, okonza ambiri amangoganizira za “broadband rate”, ndipo zosintha zomwe zidapangidwa ndi PROTEL zida zopangira kuti zigwirizane ndi kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a chipangizocho sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito pakupanga, zomwe sizimangopangitsa Kuwonongeka kwa zida zopangira zida zambiri. kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti zida zambiri zatsopano zizigwiritsidwa ntchito.

Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa ntchito zina zapadera zomwe chida cha PROTEL99 SE chingapereke.

(1) Chitsogozo pakati pa zikhomo za chipangizo chamagetsi chapamwamba chiyenera kupindika pang’ono momwe zingathere. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mzere wowongoka wathunthu. Pamene kupindika kumafunika, ma 45 ° amapindika kapena ma arcs angagwiritsidwe ntchito, omwe angachepetse kutulutsa kwakunja kwa ma siginecha apamwamba komanso kusokonezana. Kulumikizana pakati. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito PROTEL pamayendedwe, mutha kusankha 45-Degrees kapena Rounded mu “Routing Corners” mu “malamulo” menyu ya “Design” menyu. Mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito makiyi a shift + space kuti musinthe mwachangu pakati pa mizere.

(2) Kufupikitsa kutsogolo pakati pa zikhomo za chipangizo chozungulira chapamwamba kwambiri, ndibwino.

PROTEL 99 Njira yothandiza kwambiri yolumikizirana ndi mawaya amfupi kwambiri ndikuyika mawaya pamanetiweki othamanga kwambiri musanayike mawaya okha. “Routing Topology” mu “malamulo” mu “Design” menyu

Sankhani lalifupi kwambiri.

(3) Kusinthana kwa zigawo zotsogola pakati pa mapini a zida zoyendera pafupipafupi ndizochepa momwe zingathere. Ndiko kuti, ma vias ochepa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi gawo, ndibwino.

Mmodzi kudzera angabweretse za 0.5pF wa anagawira capacitance, ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha vias akhoza kwambiri kuonjezera liwiro.

(4) Kwa mawaya apamwamba kwambiri, tcherani khutu ku “kusokoneza pamtanda” komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi waya wofanana wa mzere wa chizindikiro, ndiko kuti, crosstalk. Ngati kugawa kofanana sikungalephereke, gawo lalikulu la “nthaka” likhoza kukonzedwa mbali ina ya mzere wofananira.

Kuchepetsa kwambiri kusokoneza. Mawaya ofananira mugawo lomwelo amakhala osapeŵeka, koma m’magulu awiri oyandikana, mayendedwe a waya ayenera kukhala perpendicular kwa wina ndi mzake. Izi sizovuta kuchita mu PROTEL koma ndizosavuta kuzinyalanyaza. Mu “RoutIngLayers” mu “Design” menyu “malamulo”, sankhani Horizontal for Toplayer ndi VerTIcal for BottomLayer. Kuphatikiza apo, “Polygonplane” imaperekedwa “malo”

Ntchito ya polygonal gululi mkuwa zojambulazo pamwamba, ngati inu ikani poligoni monga pamwamba pa bolodi lonse kusindikizidwa dera, ndi kulumikiza mkuwa ndi GND wa dera, akhoza kusintha mkulu pafupipafupi odana kusokoneza luso , Komanso ali ndi phindu lalikulu pakuchotsa kutentha ndi mphamvu yosindikiza.

(5) Gwiritsani ntchito njira zotsekera mawaya apansi pa mizere yofunikira kwambiri kapena mayunitsi am’deralo. “Outline selectobjects” imaperekedwa mu “Zida”, ndipo ntchitoyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito “kukulunga pansi” mizere yosankhidwa yofunikira (monga oscillation circuit LT ndi X1).

(6) Nthawi zambiri, mzere wamagetsi ndi mzere wapansi wa dera ndi waukulu kuposa mzere wa chizindikiro. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito “Makalasi” mu “Design” menyu kuti mugawire maukonde, omwe amagawidwa mu netiweki yamagetsi ndi netiweki yazizindikiro. Ndikoyenera kukhazikitsa malamulo a wiring. Sinthani kukula kwa mzere wa mzere wamagetsi ndi mzere wa chizindikiro.

(7) Mawaya amitundu yosiyanasiyana sangathe kupanga lupu, ndipo waya wapansi sangathe kupanga lupu lamakono. Ngati kuzungulira kwa loop kupangidwa, kumayambitsa kusokoneza kwakukulu mu dongosolo. Njira yolumikizira unyolo wa daisy ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa izi, zomwe zimatha kupewa kupanga malupu, nthambi kapena zitsa panthawi ya waya, komanso zimabweretsa vuto la ma waya osavuta.

(8) Malinga ndi deta ndi mapangidwe tchipisi zosiyanasiyana, yerekezerani panopa anadutsa dera magetsi ndi kudziwa chofunika waya m’lifupi. Malinga ndi chilinganizo champhamvu: W (mzere wa mzere) ≥ L (mm/A) × I (A).

Malingana ndi zamakono, yesetsani kuonjezera m’lifupi mwa mzere wa mphamvu ndikuchepetsa kukana kwa loop. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pangani mayendedwe a mzere wamagetsi ndi mzere wapansi kuti ukhale wogwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka deta, zomwe zimathandiza kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zotsutsana ndi phokoso. Ngati kuli kofunikira, chipangizo chokokera chapamwamba chopangidwa ndi mkuwa wamkuwa chilonda chilonda ferrite chikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku chingwe chamagetsi ndi mzere wapansi kuti aletse kutulutsa phokoso lapamwamba.

(9) M’lifupi mwake mawaya a maukonde omwewo ayenera kusungidwa mofanana. Kusiyanasiyana kwa m’lifupi mwake kumapangitsa kuti mizere ikhale yosagwirizana. Pamene liwiro lotumizira liri lalitali, kulingalira kudzachitika, zomwe ziyenera kupeŵedwa momwe zingathere pakupanga. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, onjezani kukula kwa mzere wa mizere yofanana. Pamene mtunda wapakati pa mzere sudutsa nthawi 3 m’lifupi mwake, 70% ya magetsi amatha kusungidwa popanda kusokonezana, komwe kumatchedwa mfundo ya 3W. Mwanjira iyi, chikoka cha kugawidwa kwa capacitance ndi kugawidwa kwa inductance chifukwa cha mizere yofanana kumatha kugonjetsedwa.

4 Mapangidwe a chingwe chamagetsi ndi waya pansi

Pofuna kuthetsa kutsika kwamagetsi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha phokoso lamagetsi ndi kutsekeka kwa mzere komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi dera lapamwamba kwambiri, kudalirika kwa dongosolo lamagetsi pamagetsi apamwamba kuyenera kuganiziridwa bwino. Nthawi zambiri pali njira ziwiri: imodzi ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamabasi opangira ma waya; ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito gawo lapadera lamagetsi. Poyerekeza, njira yopangira yotsirizirayi ndi yovuta kwambiri ndipo mtengo wake ndi wokwera mtengo. Choncho, maukonde-mtundu mphamvu basi luso angagwiritsidwe ntchito mawaya, kuti chigawo chilichonse ndi wa kuzungulira osiyana, ndi panopa pa basi aliyense pa maukonde amakonda kukhala bwino, kuchepetsa voteji dontho chifukwa cha mzere impedance.

Mphamvu yotumizira ma frequency apamwamba ndi yayikulu, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito dera lalikulu lamkuwa, ndikupeza ndege yotsika yotsika pansi pafupi ndi malo angapo. Chifukwa inductance ya kutsogolera grounding ndi molingana ndi pafupipafupi ndi kutalika, wamba nthaka impedance adzawonjezeredwa pamene ma frequency opareshoni ndi mkulu, zomwe zidzawonjezera kusokoneza maginito opangidwa ndi wamba nthaka impedance, kotero kutalika kwa waya pansi ndi. zimafunika kukhala zazifupi momwe zingathere. Yesetsani kuchepetsa kutalika kwa mzere wa siginecha ndikuwonjezera gawo la loop yapansi.

Khazikitsani ma capacitor amtundu umodzi kapena angapo pamagetsi ndi pansi pa chip kuti mupereke njira yapafupi yapanthawi yayitali ya chip chophatikizika, kuti chapano zisadutse chingwe chamagetsi ndi lupu lalikulu. dera, potero kuchepetsa kwambiri Phokoso linatuluka kunja. Sankhani ma monolithic ceramic capacitor okhala ndi ma siginoloji abwino kwambiri ngati ma decoupling capacitors. Gwiritsani ntchito ma tantalum capacitor akuluakulu kapena ma polyester capacitor m’malo mwa ma electrolytic capacitors monga ma capacitor osungira mphamvu pakuchapira dera. Chifukwa inductance yogawidwa ya electrolytic capacitor ndi yayikulu, ndiyosavomerezeka pama frequency apamwamba. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma electrolytic capacitor, agwiritseni ntchito awiriawiri okhala ndi ma decoupling capacitors okhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri.

5 Njira zina zopangira mayendedwe othamanga kwambiri

Impedans yofananira imatanthawuza dziko logwira ntchito lomwe kulepheretsa katundu ndi kulepheretsa kwamkati kwa gwero lachisangalalo kumasinthidwa kwa wina ndi mzake kuti apeze mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu. Kwa ma waya othamanga kwambiri a PCB, kuti mupewe kuwonetsa ma siginecha, kutsekeka kwa dera kumafunika kukhala 50 Ω. Ichi ndi chithunzi choyerekeza. Nthawi zambiri, zimanenedwa kuti baseband ya coaxial chingwe ndi 50 Ω, frequency band ndi 75 Ω, ndipo waya wopotoka ndi 100 Ω. Ndi chiwerengero chabe, chothandizira kufananitsa. Malinga ndi kusanthula kwa dera, kutha kwa AC kofananira kumatengedwa, ndipo netiweki ya resistor ndi capacitor imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholepheretsa. Kukana kuthetseratu R kuyenera kukhala kocheperako kapena kofanana ndi chingwe chopatsirana cha Z0, ndipo mphamvu C iyenera kukhala yayikulu kuposa 100 pF. Ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito 0.1UF multilayer ceramic capacitors. Capacitor imakhala ndi ntchito yoletsa ma frequency otsika ndikudutsa ma frequency apamwamba, kotero kukana R sikuli katundu wa DC wa gwero loyendetsa, chifukwa chake njira iyi yomaliza ilibe mphamvu ya DC.

Crosstalk imatanthawuza kusokoneza kwa phokoso lamagetsi kosafunikira komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kulumikizidwa kwa ma elekitirodi kumayendedwe oyandikana nawo pomwe chizindikirocho chikufalikira pamzere wotumizira. Coupling imagawidwa mu capacitive coupling ndi inductive coupling. Kuphatikizika kopitilira muyeso kungayambitse kuyambitsa kwabodza kwa dera ndikupangitsa kuti dongosololi lilephere kugwira ntchito moyenera. Malinga ndi mawonekedwe ena a crosstalk, njira zingapo zazikulu zochepetsera crosstalk zitha kufotokozedwa mwachidule:

(1) Wonjezerani mipata yotalikirana, chepetsani kutalika kwa mizere, ndipo gwiritsani ntchito njira yothamanga poyanika mawaya ngati kuli kofunikira.

(2) Mizere yothamanga kwambiri ikakumana ndi mikhalidwe, kuwonjezera kufananitsa koyimitsa kumatha kuchepetsa kapena kuchotsera zowunikira, potero kumachepetsa crosstalk.

(3) Kwa mizere yopatsira ma microstrip ndi mizere yopatsira mizere, kuletsa kutalika kwa mzere womwe uli pamwamba pa ndege yapansi kungachepetse kwambiri crosstalk.

(4) Malo opangira mawaya akaloleza, ikani chingwe chapansi pakati pa mawaya awiri omwe ali ndi crosstalk yowonjezereka, yomwe ingathandize kudzipatula ndi kuchepetsa crosstalk.

Chifukwa chosowa kusanthula kwachangu komanso chitsogozo chofananira pamapangidwe achikhalidwe a PCB, mawonekedwe azizindikiro sangatsimikizidwe, ndipo zovuta zambiri sizingadziwike mpaka mayeso opangira mbale. Izi zimachepetsa kwambiri mapangidwe apangidwe ndikuwonjezera mtengo, zomwe mwachiwonekere ndizosapindulitsa pa mpikisano woopsa wa msika. Choncho, chifukwa cha mapangidwe a PCB othamanga kwambiri, anthu ogwira nawo ntchito apanga lingaliro latsopano la mapangidwe, lomwe lakhala njira yopangira “pamwamba-pansi”. Pambuyo pa kusanthula kosiyanasiyana kwa ndondomeko ndi kukhathamiritsa, zovuta zambiri zomwe zingatheke zapewedwa ndipo ndalama zambiri zasungidwa. Nthawi yowonetsetsa kuti bajeti ya polojekiti yakwaniritsidwa, matabwa osindikizidwa apamwamba amapangidwa, ndipo zolakwika zoyesa zotopetsa komanso zodula zimapewedwa.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mizere yosiyana pofalitsa zizindikiro za digito ndi njira yabwino yoyendetsera zinthu zomwe zimawononga kukhulupirika kwa zizindikiro m’mabwalo othamanga kwambiri a digito. Mzere wosiyanitsa pa bolodi losindikizidwa ndi wofanana ndi ma microwave ophatikizika ophatikizira awiri omwe amagwira ntchito mu quasi-TEM mode. Pakati pawo, mzere wosiyanitsa womwe uli pamwamba kapena pansi pa PCB ndi wofanana ndi mzere wa microstrip ndipo umapezeka mkati mwa multilayer PCB Mzere wosiyana ndi wofanana ndi mzere wa mzere wophatikizika. Chizindikiro cha digito chimaperekedwa pamzere wosiyana mu njira yopatsirana yosamvetseka, ndiko kuti, kusiyana kwa gawo pakati pa zizindikiro zabwino ndi zoipa ndi 180 °, ndipo phokoso likuphatikizidwa pamizere yosiyana mumayendedwe wamba. Mphamvu yamagetsi kapena yamakono ya dera imachotsedwa, kotero kuti chizindikirocho chikhoza kupezedwa kuti chithetse phokoso lamtundu wamba. Kutsika kwamagetsi otsika kwambiri kapena kutulutsa kwapakali pano kwa mzere wosiyanako kumakwaniritsa zofunikira za kuphatikizika kwachangu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa.

6 mawu omaliza

Ndi chitukuko chosalekeza chaukadaulo wamagetsi, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa chiphunzitso cha kukhulupirika kwa ma siginecha kuti tiwongolere ndikutsimikizira kapangidwe ka ma PCB othamanga kwambiri. Ena zinachitikira mwachidule m’nkhaniyi angathandize mkulu-liwiro dera okonza PCB kufupikitsa mkombero chitukuko, kupewa zopotoka zosafunika, ndi kupulumutsa anthu ndi chuma chuma. Okonza ayenera kupitiriza kufufuza ndi kufufuza ntchito zenizeni, kupitiriza kudziunjikira zochitika, ndi kuphatikiza matekinoloje atsopano kuti apange mapepala ozungulira a PCB othamanga kwambiri ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri.