1 Mibvunzo

Nekuwedzera kwakakura mukuoma kwedhizaini uye kubatanidzwa kwemagetsi masisitimu, kumhanya kwewachi uye nguva dzekusimuka kwechishandiso dziri kukurumidza nekukurumidza, uye yakakwira-kumhanya pcb dhizaini yave chikamu chakakosha chemaitiro ekugadzira. Mupamusoro-speed circuit design, inductance uye capacitance pamutsara webhodhi redunhu inoita kuti waya ienzane nemutsara wekutumira. Kurongeka kwakashata kwezvikamu zvekugumisira kana wiring isiriyo yeakakwira-kumhanya masaini anogona kukonzera kutapurirana mitsara mhedzisiro matambudziko, zvichikonzeresa isiriyo data kubuda kubva kuhurongwa, kusashanda kwedunhu kana kusashanda zvachose. Zvichienderana neiyo yekufambisa mutsara modhi, kupfupisa, tambo yekufambisa inounza yakaipa mhedzisiro senge chiratidzo chekuratidzira, crosstalk, electromagnetic interference, magetsi uye ruzha rwepasi kune dhizaini yedunhu.

Kuti ugadzire yakakwirira-nokukurumidza PCB redunhu bhodhi iyo inogona kushanda yakavimbika, magadzirirwo acho anofanira kunge akanyatso uye akanyatso kutariswa kugadzirisa mamwe matambudziko asingavimbike anogona kuitika panguva yekurongeka uye nzira, kupfupisa chigadzirwa chekusimudzira kutenderera, uye kuvandudza kukwikwidza kwemusika.

Maitiro ekushandisa PROTEL dhizaini maturusi epamusoro-kumhanya PCB dhizaini

2 Kurongeka dhizaini yepamusoro frequency system

MuPCB dhizaini yedunhu, marongerwo akakosha link. Mhedzisiro yegadziriro yacho ichakanganisa zvakananga wiring effect uye kuvimbika kwegadziriro, iyo inonyanya kupedza nguva uye yakaoma mune yose yakadhindwa bhodhi bhodhi dhizaini. Mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma epamusoro-frequency PCB anoita kuti dhizaini yedhizaini ye-high-frequency system iome kushandisa ruzivo rwakadzidza rwedzidziso. Zvinoda kuti munhu anoisa kunze anofanira kunge aine ruzivo rwakapfuma mukugadzira-kumhanya kwePCB, kuitira kudzivirira kutsauka mukugadzira maitiro. Kuvandudza kuvimbika uye kubudirira kwebasa redunhu. Mukuita kwekugadzirisa, kutarisisa kwakadzama kunofanirwa kupihwa kune iyo mechaniki chimiro, kupisa kupisa, kupindira kwemagetsi, kurerutsira kweramangwana wiring, uye aesthetics.

Chokutanga pane zvose, pamberi pekugadzirisa, dunhu rose rakakamurwa kuita mabasa. Iyo yepamusoro-frequency circuit inoparadzaniswa kubva kune yakaderera-frequency circuit, uye analog circuit uye digital circuit inoparadzaniswa. Dunhu rega rega rinoshanda rinoiswa padyo sezvinobvira pakati pechipi. Dzivisa kutapurirana kunonoka kunokonzerwa newaya dzakanyanyisa kureba, uye vandudza decoupling mhedzisiro yemacapacitor. Uye zvakare, teerera kune hukama zvinzvimbo uye mafambiro pakati pepini uye zvikamu zvedunhu uye mamwe machubhu kuti uderedze kuwirirana kwavo. Yese yakakwira-frequency zvikamu zvinofanirwa kunge zviri kure nechasi uye mamwe mahwendefa esimbi kuderedza parasitic coupling.

Chechipiri, kutarisisa kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kune iyo inopisa uye electromagnetic mhedzisiro pakati pezvikamu panguva yekurongeka. Izvi zvinokonzeresa zvakanyanya zvakanyanya kune yakakwirira-frequency masisitimu, uye matanho ekuchengetedza kure kana kuzviparadzanisa, kupisa uye nhovo zvinofanirwa kutorwa. Iyo yakakwira-simba rectifier chubhu uye yekugadziridza chubhu inofanirwa kuve yakashongedzerwa neradiator uye kuchengetwa kure neshanduko. Zvikamu zvinodzivirira kupisa zvakadai se electrolytic capacitors zvinofanira kuchengetwa kure nezvikamu zvekupisa, kana zvisina kudaro electrolyte ichaomeswa, zvichiita kuti kuwedzere kupikisa uye kusashanda zvakanaka, izvo zvichakanganisa kugadzikana kwedunhu. Nzvimbo yakakwana inofanira kusara mukugadzirisa kuronga chimiro chekudzivirira uye kudzivirira kuiswa kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana eparasitic couplings. Kudzivirira kubatana kwemagetsi pakati pemakoiri pabhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa, macoil maviri anofanirwa kuiswa pamakona ekurudyi kudzikisa coefficient yekubatanidza. Nzira ye vertical plate isolation inogona kushandiswawo. Zvakanakisisa kushandisa zvakananga kutungamirira kwechikamu chinotengeswa kudunhu. Iyo mupfupi mutobvu, zviri nani. Usashandise zvinongedzo uye ma tabo ekutengesa nekuti kune yakagovaniswa capacitance uye yakagoverwa inductance pakati pepedyo soldering tabo. Regedza kuisa yakakwira-ruzha zvinhu zvakatenderedza crystal oscillator, RIN, analog voltage, uye referensi voltage chiratidzo chetrace.

Chekupedzisira, nepo uchivimbisa hunhu hwekuzvarwa uye kuvimbika, uchifunga nezve runako rwese, zvine musoro dhizaini kuronga kunofanirwa kuitwa. Izvo zvikamu zvinofanirwa kuenderana kana kuti perpendicular kune bhodhi pamusoro, uye parallel kana perpendicular kumucheto mukuru webhodhi. Kugoverwa kwezvikamu pabhodhi repamusoro kunofanirwa kunge kwakaenzana sezvinobvira uye kuwanda kunofanira kuenderana. Nenzira iyi, haina kungonaka chete, asiwo iri nyore kuunganidza uye weld, uye zviri nyore kugadzira misa.

3 Wiring ye high frequency system

Mumatunhu akakwirira-frequency, kugoverwa kwemaitiro ekupikisa, capacitance, inductance uye mutual inductance yetambo dzekubatanidza haigoni kuregererwa. Kubva pamaonero e-anti-interference, wiring inonzwisisika ndeyekuedza kuderedza kupikisa kwemutsara, kugovera capacitance, uye kurasika inductance munharaunda. , Iyo inokonzeresa inorasika magineti inoderedzwa kusvika padiki, kuitira kuti iyo yakagovaniswa capacitance, leakage magineti flux, electromagnetic mutual inductance uye kumwe kupindira kunokonzerwa neruzha kunodzvanywa.

Iko kushandiswa kwePROTEL maturusi ekugadzira muChina kwave kwakajairika. Zvisinei, vagadziri vakawanda vanongotarisa pa “broadband rate”, uye kuvandudzwa kwakaitwa nePROTEL maturusi ekugadzira kuti aenderane nekuchinja kwemaitiro echigadziro haana kushandiswa mukugadzira, izvo zvisingaite chete Kuparara kwezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira zviwanikwa zvinowedzera. zvakakomba, izvo zvinoita kuti zviome kuita kwakanakisa kwezvishandiso zvakawanda zvitsva kuunzwa mukutamba.

Izvi zvinotevera zvinounza mamwe mabasa akakosha ayo PROTEL99 SE chishandiso chinogona kupa.

(1) Inotungamira pakati pemapini e-high-frequency circuit device inofanira kukotamiswa zvishoma sezvinobvira. Zvakanakisisa kushandisa mutsara wakarurama wakakwana. Kana kukotama kuchidikanwa, 45 ° bends kana arcs inogona kushandiswa, iyo inogona kuderedza kubuda kwekunze kweakakwira-frequency masaini uye kupindirana. Kubatana pakati. Paunenge uchishandisa PROTEL yekufambisa, unogona kusarudza 45-Degrees kana Rounded mu “Routing Corners” mu “mitemo” menyu ye “Design” menyu. Iwe unogona zvakare kushandisa shanduko + nzvimbo makiyi kukurumidza kuchinja pakati pemitsara.

(2) Iyo ipfupi inotungamira pakati pepini yepamusoro-frequency yedunhu mudziyo, zviri nani.

PROTEL 99 Nzira inonyanya kushanda yekusangana neapfupi wiring ndeyekuita wiring kugadzwa kune yega kiyi yepamusoro-kumhanya network isati yatanga wiring. “Routing Topology” mu “mitemo” mu “Design” menyu

Sarudza pfupi.

(3) Kuchinjana kwezvikamu zvemutobvu pakati pemapini emidziyo yedunhu repamusoro-soro idiki sezvinobvira. Ndiko kuti, mashoma vias anoshandiswa muchikamu chekubatanidza maitiro, zviri nani.

Imwe kuburikidza inogona kuunza nezve 0.5pF yekugovera capacitance, uye kuderedza nhamba yevias kunogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya kumhanya.

(4) Pamusoro pe-high-frequency circuit wiring, teerera ku “cross interference” inounzwa neparallel wiring yemutsara wechiratidzo, kureva, crosstalk. Kana kugovera kwakafanana kusingadzivisike, nzvimbo huru ye “pasi” inogona kurongeka kune rumwe rutivi rwemutsara wechiratidzo wakafanana.

Kuderedza zvakanyanya kupindira. Parallel wiring in the same layer inenge isingadzivisiki, asi muzvikamu zviviri zviri pedyo, kutungamira kwetambo kunofanira kunge kune perpendicular kune imwe neimwe. Izvi hazvina kuoma kuita muPROTEL asi zviri nyore kufuratira. Mu “RoutIngLayers” mu “Dzaina” menyu “mitemo”, sarudza Horizontal yeToplayer uye VerTIcal yePazasiLayer. Mukuwedzera, “Polygonplane” inopiwa mu “nzvimbo”

Basa repolygonal grid yemhangura foil pamusoro, kana iwe ukaisa iyo polygon sepamusoro peiyo yese yakadhindwa yedunhu bhodhi, uye batanidza iyi mhangura kuGND yedunhu, inogona kuvandudza yakakwira frequency anti-kupindira kugona, Iyo ine zvakare. mabhenefiti makuru ekupisa kupisa uye kudhinda bhodhi simba.

(5) Shandisa matanho ekuvharirwa kwewaya yepasi kune akakosha masaini mitsetse kana mayuniti emunharaunda. “Outline yakasarudzwa zvinhu” inopiwa mu “Zvishandiso”, uye basa iri rinogona kushandiswa “kuputira pasi” yemitsara yakasarudzwa yakakosha (yakadai seoscillation circuit LT uye X1).

(6) Kazhinji, tambo yemagetsi uye mutsara wepasi wedunhu wakafara kupfuura mutsara wechiratidzo. Iwe unogona kushandisa “Makirasi” mu “Design” menyu kurongedza network, iyo yakakamurwa kuva simba network uye chiratidzo network. Zviri nyore kuisa mitemo ye wiring. Chinja upamhi hwemutsara wemutsara wemagetsi uye mutsara wechiratidzo.

(7) Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dze wiring haigoni kuumba loop, uye tambo yepasi haigoni kuumba loop ikozvino. Kana loop yedunhu ikagadzirwa, inokonzeresa kukanganisa kwakawanda muhurongwa. Iyo daisy chain wiring nzira inogona kushandiswa kune iyi, iyo inogona kunyatso dzivirira kuumbwa kwezvishwe, matavi kana stumps panguva ye wiring, asi zvakare ichaunza dambudziko rekusava nyore wiring.

(8) Zvinoenderana nedata uye dhizaini yeakasiyana machipisi, fungidzira ikozvino yakapfuura nemagetsi emagetsi wedunhu uye sarudza inodiwa waya hupamhi. Zvinoenderana neiyo empirical formula: W (mutsara wakafara) ≥ L (mm/A) × I (A).

Maererano nezvino, edza kuwedzera hupamhi hwetambo yemagetsi uye kuderedza kupikisa kwechiuno. Panguva imwecheteyo, ita kuti kutungamira kwetambo yemagetsi uye mutsara wepasi uenderane negwaro rekufambiswa kwedata, iro rinobatsira kusimudzira kugona kwekurwisa ruzha. Kana zvichidikanwa, mudziyo wepamusoro-frequency choke wakagadzirwa nemhangura waya ronda ferrite inogona kuwedzerwa kune tambo yemagetsi uye mutsara wepasi kuti uvhare kuitisa kwe-high-frequency ruzha.

(9) Wiring yehupamhi hwemambure akafanana inofanira kuchengetwa yakafanana. Kusiyana kwehupamhi hwemutsara kuchakonzera kusaenzana kwemutsara maitiro impedance. Kana iyo yekumhanyisa kumhanya yakakwira, kufungidzira kuchaitika, iyo inofanirwa kudzivirirwa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira mukugadzira. Panguva imwecheteyo, wedzera upamhi hwemutsara wemitsara yakafanana. Kana mutsara wepakati kureba usingapfuure katatu upamhi hwemutsara, 3% yemunda wemagetsi inogona kuchengetedzwa pasina kupindirana, iyo inonzi 70W musimboti. Nenzira iyi, pesvedzero yekugovera capacitance uye yakagoverwa inductance inokonzerwa nemitsara yakafanana inogona kukundwa.

4 Dhizaini yetambo yemagetsi uye waya yepasi

Kuti ugadzirise kudonha kwemagetsi kunokonzerwa neruzha rwemagetsi ekupa uye mutsara impedance yakaunzwa nepamusoro-frequency wedunhu, kuvimbika kweiyo magetsi emagetsi sisitimu mu-high-frequency circuit inofanirwa kutariswa zvizere. Pane kazhinji mhinduro mbiri: imwe ndeye kushandisa tekinoroji yebhazi remagetsi kune wiring; imwe yacho ndeye kushandisa rakaparadzana magetsi ekuisa layer. Mukuenzanisa, nzira yekupedzisira yekugadzira yakanyanya kuoma uye mutengo unodhura. Naizvozvo, network-mhando simba bhazi tekinoroji inogona kushandiswa wiring, kuitira kuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe ndecheimwe loop yakasiyana, uye ikozvino pane imwe neimwe bhazi pane network inowanzova yakaenzana, kuderedza kudonha kwemagetsi kunokonzerwa nemutsara we impedance.

Iyo yakakwira-frequency yekufambisa simba yakakura, unogona kushandisa nzvimbo hombe yemhangura, uye wotsvaga yakaderera-inodzivirira pasi ndege iri padyo neakawanda pasi. Nekuda kwekuti inductance yegiya rinotungamira inoenderana nekuwanda uye kureba, iyo yakajairwa pasi impedance ichawedzerwa kana frequency yekushanda yakakwira, izvo zvichawedzera kukanganiswa kwemagetsi kunokonzerwa neiyo common ground impedance, saka kureba kwewaya yepasi. inodiwa kuva pfupi sezvinobvira. Edza kuderedza kureba kwemutsara wechiratidzo uye kuwedzera nzvimbo yepasi loop.

Seta imwe kana akati wandei akakwira-frequency decoupling capacitors pasimba uye pasi pechiputi kuti ipe iri pedyo yakakwirira-frequency chiteshi chenguva pfupi yeiyo yakabatanidzwa chip, kuitira kuti yazvino isapfuure nepakati pemagetsi emagetsi ane loop hombe. nzvimbo, nokudaro kuderedza zvakanyanya Ruzha rwaibuda kunze. Sarudza monolithic ceramic capacitors ane yakanaka yakakwirira-frequency masaini se decoupling capacitors. Shandisa mahombe-capacity tantalum capacitors kana polyester capacitors panzvimbo ye electrolytic capacitors semagetsi ekuchengetedza ma capacitor ekuchajisa kwedunhu. Nekuti iyo yakagoverwa inductance ye electrolytic capacitor yakakura, haina kufanira kune yakakwira frequency. Paunenge uchishandisa electrolytic capacitors, shandisa iwo ari maviri ane decoupling capacitors ane yakanaka high-frequency maitiro.

5 Mamwe epamusoro-anomhanya edunhu kugadzira matekiniki

Impedance matching inoreva mamiriro ekushanda umo iyo impedance yemutoro uye iyo yemukati impedance yeiyo excitation sosi inogadziriswa kune mumwe nemumwe kuti iwane yakanyanya simba kubuda. Kune yakakwirira-kumhanya PCB wiring, kuitira kudzivirira chiratidzo chekuratidzira, iyo impedance yedunhu inodiwa kuve 50 Ω. Ichi chifananidzo chakaenzana. Kazhinji, zvinotemerwa kuti baseband yecoaxial tambo i50 Ω, iyo frequency bhendi i75 Ω, uye waya yakamonyoroka i100 Ω. Ingori nhamba yakazara, kuitira kuti zvive nyore kufananidza. Zvinoenderana neiyo chaiyo yedunhu ongororo, iyo yakafanana AC kumisa kunogamuchirwa, uye resistor uye capacitor network inoshandiswa seyekumisa impedance. Kumisa kuramba R kunofanirwa kunge kuri kushoma kana kuenzana netambo yekutapurirana impedance Z0, uye capacitance C inofanira kunge yakakura kupfuura zana pF. Inokurudzirwa kushandisa 100UF multilayer ceramic capacitors. Iyo capacitor ine basa rekuvhara yakaderera frequency uye kupfuudza yakakwira frequency, saka kuramba R haisi iyo DC inotakura yekutyaira sosi, saka iyi nzira yekumisa haina chero DC simba rekushandisa.

Crosstalk inoreva kukanganiswa kweruzha rwemagetsi kunokonzerwa nemagetsi emagetsi ekubatanidza kune mitsara yekufambisa apo chiratidzo chinopararira patambo yekufambisa. Coupling yakakamurwa kuita capacitive coupling uye inductive coupling. Yakawandisa crosstalk inogona kukonzera kukonzeresa kwenhema kwedunhu uye kuita kuti sisitimu itadze kushanda zvakajairika. Zvinoenderana nemamwe maitiro e crosstalk, akati wandei nzira dzekudzikisa crosstalk dzinogona kupfupikiswa:

(1) Wedzera mutsara wemitsara, deredza kureba kwakaenzana, uye shandisa nzira yejog yekuisa waya kana zvichidikanwa.

(2) Kana mitsara yekumhanya-mhanya ikasangana nemamiriro ezvinhu, kuwedzera kumisa kuenzanisa kunogona kuderedza kana kubvisa zviratidziro, nekudaro kuderedza crosstalk.

(3) Kune microstrip kutapurirana mitsara uye mitsetse yekutapurirana mitsara, kudzoreredza kureba kusvika mukati meiyo renji pamusoro pendege yepasi kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya crosstalk.

(4) Kana nzvimbo yewaya ichibvumidza, isa tambo yepasi pakati pewaya mbiri dzine zvakakomba crosstalk, iyo inogona kuita basa rekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye kuderedza crosstalk.

Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekumhanyisa-kumhanyisa kuongororwa uye kutevedzera kutungamira mune yechinyakare PCB dhizaini, iyo chiratidzo chemhando haigone kuvimbiswa, uye mazhinji ematambudziko haagone kuwanikwa kusvika bvunzo yekugadzira ndiro. Izvi zvinoderedza zvakanyanya kugadzirisa kwekugadzirisa uye zvinowedzera mari, izvo zviri pachena kuti hazvina maturo mumakwikwi anotyisa emusika. Nokudaro, nokuda kwekumhanya-mhanya kwePCB dhizaini, vanhu vari muindasitiri vakaronga zano idzva rekugadzira, iro rave nzira yekugadzira “yepamusoro-pasi”. Mushure mekusiyana-siyana kwekuongorora kwemitemo uye kugadzirisa, mazhinji ematambudziko angangodaro akadziviswa uye mari yakawanda yakaitwa. Nguva yekuona kuti bhajeti reprojekiti razadzikiswa, mabhodhi akadhindwa emhando yepamusoro anogadzirwa, uye zvinonetesa uye zvinodhura zvikanganiso zvebvunzo zvinodzivirirwa.

Kushandiswa kwemitsara yakasiyana-siyana kuendesa zviratidzo zvemadhijitari chiyero chinoshanda chekudzora zvinhu zvinoparadza kutendeseka kwechiratidzo mumaseketi edhijitari akakwira. Mutsara wekusiyanisa pane yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi yakaenzana neyekusiyanisa microwave yakasanganiswa yekufambisa mutsara peya inoshanda mune quasi-TEM modhi. Pakati pazvo, mutsara wekusiyanisa pamusoro kana pasi pePCB wakaenzana netambo yakasanganiswa microstrip uye iri mukati memukati we multilayer PCB Mutsara wekusiyanisa wakaenzana nehupamhi hwakabatanidzwa mutsara wemutsara. Chiratidzo chedhijitari chinoparidzirwa pamutsara wekusiyanisa mune isinganzwisisike-modhi nzira yekufambisa, ndiko kuti, mutsauko wechikamu pakati pezvakanaka uye zvisina kunaka zviratidzo ndeye 180 °, uye ruzha runobatanidzwa pamiviri yemitsara yekusiyanisa mune yakajairika mode. Iyo voltage kana ikozvino yedunhu inobviswa, kuitira kuti chiratidzo chiwanikwe kubvisa zvakajairika modhi ruzha. Iyo yakaderera-voltage amplitude kana ikozvino dhiraivha kubuda kweiyo yekusiyanisa mutsara pair inozadzisa zvinodiwa zvekumhanya-mhanya kusanganisa uye kuderera kwesimba rekushandisa.

6 ekupedzisa mazwi

Nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza tekinoroji yemagetsi, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise dzidziso yechiratidzo chekutendeseka kutungamira uye kuona dhizaini yePCB inomhanya. Vamwe ruzivo muchidimbu munyaya ino anogona kubatsira mukuru-nokukurumidza redunhu PCB vagadziri kupfupisa budiriro kutenderera, kudzivisa zvisingakoshi detours, uye kuchengetedza manpower uye zvinhu zviwanikwa. Vagadziri vanofanirwa kuenderera mberi nekutsvaga uye kuongorora mubasa chairo, kuramba vachiunganidza ruzivo, uye kusanganisa matekinoroji matsva kugadzira yakakwirira-kumhanya PCB edunhu mabhodhi ane mashandiro akanaka.