1 Imibuzo

Ngokunyuka okukhulu kobunzima boyilo kunye nokudityaniswa kweenkqubo zombane, isantya sewotshi kunye namaxesha okunyuka kwesixhobo siya ngokukhawuleza nangokukhawuleza, kwaye Isantya esiphezulu sePCB uyilo lube yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yoyilo. Kwidizayini yesiphaluka esiphezulu, i-inductance kunye ne-capacitance kumgca webhodi yesiphaluka yenza ucingo lulingane nomgca wokuhambisa. Uyilo olungalunganga lwamacandelo okuphelisa okanye i-wiring engalunganga yemiqondiso yesantya esiphezulu inokubangela iingxaki zesiphumo somgca wothumelo, okukhokelela ekuphumeni kwedatha engachanekanga kwisistim, ukusebenza kwesekethe engaqhelekanga okanye nokuba akukho msebenzi kwaphela. Ngokusekwe kwimodeli yomzila wothumelo, ukushwankathela, umgca wothumelo uya kuzisa iziphumo ezibi ezifana nokubonakaliswa komqondiso, i-crosstalk, ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic, ukunikezelwa kwamandla kunye nengxolo yomhlaba kuyilo lwesekethe.

Ukuze uyile ibhodi yesekethe ye-PCB enesantya esiphezulu enokusebenza ngokuthembekileyo, uyilo kufuneka luqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye luqwalaselwe ngononophelo ukusombulula iingxaki ezithile ezingathembekanga ezinokuthi zenzeke ngexesha lobeko kunye nendlela, ukunciphisa umjikelo wophuhliso lwemveliso, kunye nokuphucula ukhuphiswano lwemarike.

Uzisebenzisa njani izixhobo zoyilo zePROTEL kuyilo lwePCB olunesantya esiphezulu

2 Uyilo loyilo lwenkqubo ephezulu yamaza

Kuyilo lwePCB yesekethe, uyilo likhonkco elibalulekileyo. Isiphumo soyilo siya kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umphumo we-wiring kunye nokuthembeka kwenkqubo, eyona nto ichitha ixesha elide kwaye inzima kuyo yonke ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo. Ubume obuntsonkothileyo be-PCB ye-high-frequency yenza uyilo lwe-layout ye-high-frequency system nzima ukusebenzisa ulwazi olufundiweyo lwethiyori. Ifuna ukuba umntu obekayo kufuneka abe namava atyebileyo kwimveliso yePCB enesantya esiphezulu, ukuze kuthintelwe ukujikwa kwinkqubo yoyilo. Ukuphucula ukuthembeka nokusebenza komsebenzi wesiphaluka. Kwinkqubo yoyilo, ingqwalasela ebanzi kufuneka inikwe kwisakhiwo somatshini, ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu, ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic, ukulula kwee-wiring zexesha elizayo, kunye ne-aesthetics.

Okokuqala, phambi kokuba ubeko, yonke isekethe yahlulwe yaba imisebenzi. I-high-frequency circuit ihlukaniswe kwi-low-frequency circuit, kwaye i-analog circuit kunye ne-digital circuit iyahlukana. Isekethe nganye esebenzayo ibekwe ngokusondeleyo kumbindi we-chip. Kuphephe ukulibaziseka kokudluliselwa okubangelwa yiingcingo ezinde ngokugqithisileyo, kwaye uphucule isiphumo sokuqhawuka kwee-capacitors. Ukongezelela, nikela ingqalelo kwizikhundla ezihambelanayo kunye nezikhokelo phakathi kwezikhonkwane kunye namacandelo esekethe kunye nezinye iibhubhu zokunciphisa impembelelo yazo. Zonke iinqununu ze-frequency high-frequency kufuneka zibe kude kwi-chassis kunye nezinye iipleyiti zetsimbi ukunciphisa ukudibanisa kwe-parasitic.

Okwesibini, ingqwalasela kufuneka ihlawulwe kwimpembelelo ye-thermal kunye ne-electromagnetic phakathi kwamacandelo ngexesha lobeko. Ezi ziphumo ziyingozi kakhulu kwiinkqubo ze-high-frequency systems, kwaye imilinganiselo yokugcina kude okanye ukwahlula, ubushushu kunye nekhaka kufuneka kuthathwe. I-tube yokulungiswa kwamandla aphezulu kunye ityhubhu yokulungelelanisa kufuneka ixhotyiswe nge-radiator kwaye igcinwe kude ne-transformer. Amacandelo angamelana nokushisa afana ne-electrolytic capacitors kufuneka agcinwe kude nezixhobo zokufudumeza, ngaphandle koko i-electrolyte iya komiswa, okubangela ukwanda kokuchasana kunye nokusebenza kakubi, okuya kuchaphazela ukuzinza kwesiphaluka. Indawo eyaneleyo kufuneka ishiywe kwi-layout ukulungiselela ulwakhiwo olukhuselayo kunye nokuthintela ukuqaliswa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokudibanisa i-parasite. Ukuthintela ukudibanisa kwe-electromagnetic phakathi kweekhoyili kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo, iikhoyili ezimbini kufuneka zibekwe kwii-angles ezifanelekileyo ukunciphisa i-coefficient yokudibanisa. Indlela yokwahlula ipleyiti ethe nkqo ingasetyenziswa. Kungcono ukusebenzisa ngokuthe ngqo ukukhokela kwecandelo eliza kuthengiswa kwisekethe. Okukhona ukhokelo olufutshane, lungcono. Musa ukusebenzisa izihlanganisi kunye neethebhu ze-solder ngenxa yokuba kukho i-capacitance esasazwayo kunye ne-inductance esasazwayo phakathi kweethebhu ze-soldering ezikufutshane. Kuthintele ukubeka izinto ezinengxolo ephezulu ejikeleze i-crystal oscillator, i-RIN, i-analog voltage, kunye nereferensi yeempawu zombane.

Ekugqibeleni, ngelixa uqinisekisa umgangatho wendalo kunye nokuthembeka, ngelixa uqwalasela ubuhle bonke, ukucwangciswa kwebhodi yesekethe efanelekileyo kufuneka kwenziwe. Amacandelo kufuneka ahambelane okanye ahambelane nomgangatho webhodi, kunye ne-parallel okanye i-perpendicular kumphetho webhodi ephambili. Ukuhanjiswa kwamacandelo kwindawo yebhodi kufuneka kube ngokulinganayo kwaye ubuninzi bufanele buhambelane. Ngale ndlela, ayisiyonto entle kuphela, kodwa ilula ukuyihlanganisa kunye ne-weld, kwaye kulula ukuyivelisa ngobuninzi.

I-3 i-Wiring ye-high frequency system

Kwimijikelezo ye-high-frequency, i-parameters yokusabalalisa ukuchasana, i-capacitance, i-inductance kunye ne-inductance yokubambisana kweengcingo zokudibanisa ayinakuhoywa. Ukususela kumbono wokuchasana nokuphazamiseka, i-wiring efanelekileyo kuzama ukunciphisa ukuchasana komgca, ukusabalalisa i-capacitance, kunye ne-inductance elahlekileyo kwisiphaluka. , Isiphumo sommandla wemagnethi olahlekileyo sincitshiswe ubuncinci, ukuze i-capacitance esasaziweyo, ukuvuza kwemagnethi, i-electromagnetic mutual inductance kunye nokunye ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa yingxolo kucinezelwe.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zoyilo ze-PROTEL e-China kuxhaphake kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, abaqulunqi abaninzi bagxininise kuphela “kwizinga le-broadband”, kunye nokuphuculwa okwenziwe yiPROTEL izixhobo zokuyila ukulungelelanisa utshintsho kwiimpawu zesixhobo azizange zisetyenziswe kuyilo, nto leyo engenzi nje kuphela Inkunkuma yezixhobo zokuyila izixhobo zingaphezulu. enzulu, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukusebenza okugqwesileyo kwezixhobo ezininzi ezitsha eziza kudlalwa.

Oku kulandelayo kwazisa imisebenzi ethile ekhethekileyo enokubonelela ngesixhobo sePROTEL99 SE.

(1) Isikhokelo phakathi kwezikhonkwane zesixhobo sesekethe ye-high-frequency kufuneka igotywe kancinane kangangoko. Kungcono ukusebenzisa umgca othe ngqo opheleleyo. Xa ukugoba kufuneka, i-45 ° igobe okanye i-arcs ingasetyenziselwa, enokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwangaphandle kweempawu ze-high-frequency kunye nokuphazamiseka okufanayo. Ukudibanisa phakathi. Xa usebenzisa i-PROTEL yomzila, unokukhetha i-45-Degrees okanye i-Rounded kwi-“Routing Corners” kwimenyu “yemithetho” yemenyu ye-“Design”. Ungasebenzisa kwakhona i-shift + izitshixo zesithuba ukuze utshintshe ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwemigca.

(2) Ukufutshane ukhokelo phakathi kwezikhonkwane zesixhobo sesiphaluka esiphezulu, kungcono.

I-PROTEL 99 Eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuhlangabezana neyona ngcingo imfutshane kukwenza idinga lokudityaniswa kweengcingo zothungelwano olunesantya esiphezulu esisitshixo phambi kocingo oluzenzekelayo. “I-RouTIing Topology” kwi “mithetho” kwimenyu “yoYilo”.

Khetha eyona imfutshane.

(3) Ukutshintshwa kweeleyile zelothe phakathi kwezikhonkwane zezixhobo zesekethe ezisebenza kakhulu zincinci kangangoko. Oko kukuthi, i-vias ezimbalwa ezisetyenziswe kwinkqubo yoqhagamshelwano lwecandelo, kungcono.

Enye idlula inokuzisa malunga ne-0.5pF ye-capacitance esasaziweyo, kwaye ukunciphisa inani le-vias kunokunyusa kakhulu isantya.

(4) Kwi-high-frequency circuit wiring, nikela ingqalelo “kwi-interference interference” evezwe yi-wiring ehambelanayo yomgca wesignali, oko kukuthi, i-crosstalk. Ukuba ukuhanjiswa okuhambelanayo akunakuphepheka, indawo enkulu “yomhlaba” inokulungiswa kwelinye icala lomgca wesignali ohambelanayo.

Ukunciphisa kakhulu ukuphazamiseka. I-wiring ehambelanayo kwinqanaba elifanayo liphantse lingenakuphepheka, kodwa kwimigangatho emibini esondeleyo, ulwalathiso lwe-wiring kufuneka lube perpendicular omnye komnye. Oku akunzima ukwenza kwi-PROTEL kodwa kulula ukungayihoyi. Kwi-“RoutingLayers” kwimenyu “yoYilo” “imithetho”, khetha i-Horizontal ye-Toplayer kunye ne-VerTIcal ye-BottomLayer. Ukongeza, “iPolygonplane” inikezelwa “kwindawo”

Umsebenzi wepolygonal igridi yefoyile yobhedu, ukuba ubeka ipholigoni njengomphezulu webhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo yonke, kwaye uqhagamshele olu bhedu kwi-GND yesekethe, inokuphucula amandla aphezulu okuchasana nokuphazamiseka, iinzuzo ezinkulu zokuchitha ubushushu kunye namandla ebhodi yoshicilelo.

(5) Ukuphumeza imilinganiselo yokuvaleka kweengcingo zomhlaba kwiilayini zomqondiso ezibalulekileyo okanye iiyunithi zendawo. “Izinto ezikhethiweyo ezikhethiweyo” zinikezelwa “kwiZixhobo”, kwaye lo msebenzi ungasetyenziselwa ngokuzenzekelayo “ukusonga umhlaba” wemigca yesignali ekhethiweyo ebalulekileyo (njenge-oscillation circuit LT kunye ne-X1).

(6) Ngokuqhelekileyo, umgca wamandla kunye nomgca wokumisa wesekethe ubanzi kunomgca wesignali. Ungasebenzisa “Iiklasi” kwimenyu ethi “Design” ukuhlula inethiwekhi, eyahlulahlulwe kwinethiwekhi yamandla kunye nenethiwekhi yesignali. Kukulungele ukuseta imithetho yocingo. Tshintsha ububanzi bomgca womgca wamandla kunye nomgca wesignali.

(7) Iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zocingo azikwazi ukwenza i-loop, kwaye ucingo oluphantsi alukwazi ukwenza i-loop yangoku. Ukuba i-loop circuit yenziwe, iya kubangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwinkqubo. Indlela ye-wiring ye-daisy chain ingasetyenziselwa oku, enokuthi igweme ngokufanelekileyo ukubunjwa kwee-loops, amasebe okanye iziqu ngexesha le-wiring, kodwa iya kuzisa ingxaki yocingo olungelula.

(8) Ngokutsho kwedatha kunye noyilo lweetshiphu ezahlukeneyo, qikelela umbane ogqithiselwe kwisekethe yonikezelo lwamandla kwaye umisele ububanzi bocingo olufunekayo. Ngokutsho kwefomula ye-empirical: W (ububanzi bomgca) ≥ L (mm / A) × I (A).

Ngokwangoku, zama ukwandisa ububanzi bomgca wamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukuchasana kwe-loop. Kwangaxeshanye, yenza isalathiso somgca wamandla kunye nomgca osezantsi uhambelane nesalathiso sokuhanjiswa kwedatha, nto leyo enceda ukukhulisa isakhono sokuchasana nengxolo. Xa kuyimfuneko, isixhobo sokukrwitsha esine-high-frequency choke esenziwe nge-copper wire nxeba ferrite singongeza kumgca wamandla kunye nomgca womhlaba ukuvala ukuqhuba ingxolo ephezulu.

(9) Ububanzi bocingo bothungelwano olufanayo kufuneka bugcinwe bufana. Iiyantlukwano kububanzi bomgca ziya kubangela ukungangqinelani kophawu lomgca. Xa isantya sokuhambisa siphezulu, ukucamngca kuya kwenzeka, okufuneka kugwenywe kangangoko kunokwenzeka kuyilo. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukwandisa ububanzi bomgca wemigca ehambelanayo. Xa umgama weziko lomgca ungadluli amaxesha ama-3 ububanzi bomgca, i-70% yendawo yombane inokugcinwa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okufanayo, okubizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo we-3W. Ngale ndlela, impembelelo ye-capacitance esasazwayo kunye ne-inductance esasazwayo ebangelwa yimigca ehambelanayo inokunqotshwa.

4 Uyilo lwentambo yamandla kunye nocingo oluphantsi

Ukuze ucombulule ukuhla kwamandla ombane okubangelwa ingxolo yokunikezelwa kwamandla kunye nokuphazamiseka komgca owenziwe yi-high-frequency circuit, ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yokunikezelwa kwamandla kwi-high-frequency circuit kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo. Kukho izisombululo ezibini ngokubanzi: esinye kukusebenzisa iteknoloji yebhasi yamandla kwiingcingo; enye kukusebenzisa umaleko wonikezelo lwamandla owahlukileyo. Xa kuthelekiswa, inkqubo yokuvelisa yale mva inzima kakhulu kwaye ixabiso liyabiza. Ke ngoko, itekhnoloji yebhasi yombane wohlobo lwenethiwekhi ingasetyenziselwa i-wiring, ukwenzela ukuba icandelo ngalinye libe kwi-loop eyahlukileyo, kwaye i-current kwibhasi nganye kwi-network idla ngokulingana, ukunciphisa ukuhla kombane okubangelwa yi-impedance yomgca.

Amandla othumelo lwe-frequency ephezulu makhulu ngokwentelekiso, ungasebenzisa indawo enkulu yobhedu, kwaye ufumane inqwelomoya enokuxhathisa okuphantsi ekufutshane ukuze ibekwe phantsi. Ngenxa yokuba i-inductance ye-grounding lead ihambelana nokuphindaphinda kunye nobude, i-impedance yomhlaba oqhelekileyo iya kwandiswa xa i-frequency yokusebenza iphezulu, eya kwandisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic okuveliswa yi-impedance yomhlaba oqhelekileyo, ngoko ubude bocingo lomhlaba. kufuneka ibemfutshane kangangoko. Zama ukunciphisa ubude bomgca wesignali kwaye wandise indawo yelophu yomhlaba.

Cwangcisa i-capacitors enye okanye ezininzi eziphezulu ze-high-frequency decoupling kumandla kunye nomhlaba wetshiphu ukubonelela ngejelo elikufutshane le-high-frequency yangoku ye-chip edibeneyo ye-chip edibeneyo, ukuze i-current ingadluli kumgca wonikezelo lwamandla kunye ne-loop enkulu. Indawo, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa kakhulu Ingxolo iphuma ngaphandle. Khetha i-monolithic ceramic capacitors kunye neempawu ezilungileyo ze-high-frequency njenge-decoupling capacitors. Sebenzisa i-tantalum capacitors enomthamo omkhulu okanye i-polyester capacitors endaweni yee-electrolytic capacitors njenge-energy storage capacitors ukutshaja kwesekethe. Ngenxa yokuba i-inductance esasaziweyo ye-electrolytic capacitor inkulu, ayisebenzi kwi-frequency ephezulu. Xa usebenzisa i-electrolytic capacitors, zisebenzise ngababini kunye ne-decoupling capacitors kunye neempawu ezintle ze-high-frequency.

5 Ezinye iindlela zokuyila iisekethe ezinesantya esiphezulu

I-impedance ehambelanayo ibhekisela kwimeko yokusebenza apho ukunyanzeliswa komthwalo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwangaphakathi komthombo wokuvuselela ukulungelelaniswa komnye nomnye ukuze kufumaneke umbane ophezulu. Kwi-PCB ye-high-speed wiring, ukwenzela ukukhusela ukubonakalisa umqondiso, i-impedance yesiphaluka kufuneka ibe yi-50 Ω. Lo ngumfanekiso oqikelelweyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuchazwe ukuba i-baseband ye-coaxial cable yi-50 Ω, i-frequency band yi-75 Ω, kunye nocingo olujijekileyo yi-100 Ω. Yinani elipheleleyo, ukwenzela ukuba kube lula ukuthelekisa. Ngokutsho kohlalutyo oluthile lwesekethe, ukupheliswa kwe-AC efanayo kuyamkelwa, kwaye i-resistor kunye ne-capacitor network isetyenziswa njenge-impedance yokuphelisa. Ukuchasana nokupheliswa kwe-R kufuneka kube ngaphantsi okanye kulingane nomgca wokudluliselwa kwe-impedance Z0, kunye ne-capacitance C kufuneka ibe mkhulu kune-100 pF. Kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-0.1UF i-multilayer capacitors ceramic. I-capacitor inomsebenzi wokuthintela i-frequency ephantsi kunye nokudlula i-frequency ephezulu, ngoko ke ukuxhathisa R akusiyo umthwalo we-DC womthombo wokuqhuba, ngoko ke le ndlela yokuphelisa ayinayo nayiphi na ukusetyenziswa kwamandla e-DC.

I-Crosstalk ibhekisa kuphazamiseko lwengxolo yombane engathandekiyo ebangelwa kukudityaniswa kwe-electromagnetic kwiintambo zothumelo ezikufutshane xa isiginali isasazeka kumgca wothumelo. Ukudibanisa kwahlulwe kwi-capacitive coupling kunye ne-inductive coupling. Ukugqithiswa kwe-crosstalk kunokubangela ukubangela ubuxoki kwisekethe kwaye kubangele ukuba inkqubo isilele ukusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo. Ngokwezinye iimpawu ze-crosstalk, iindlela ezininzi eziphambili zokunciphisa i-crosstalk zinokushwankathelwa:

(1) Yandisa isithuba somgca, nciphisa ubude obunxuseneyo, kwaye usebenzise indlela yokubaleka ukudibanisa iintambo ukuba kuyimfuneko.

(2) Xa imigca yesignali yesantya esiphezulu ihlangabezana neemeko, ukongeza ukupheliswa kokudibanisa kunokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukubonakaliswa, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe i-crosstalk.

(3) Kwiintambo zothumelo lwe-microstrip kunye nemigca yokuhambisa i-strip, ukukhawulela ubude bomkhondo ukuya phakathi koluhlu olungaphezulu kwendiza yomhlaba kunokunciphisa kakhulu i-crosstalk.

4

Ngenxa yokunqongophala kohlalutyo olukhawulezayo kunye nesikhokelo sokulinganisa kuyilo lwePCB yemveli, umgangatho wesiginali awunakuqinisekiswa, kwaye uninzi lweengxaki azinakufunyanwa de kube kuvavanyo lokwenza ipleyiti. Oku kunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle koyilo kwaye kwandisa iindleko, ezibonakala zingenamsebenzi kukhuphiswano oluqatha lwemarike. Ngoko ke, kwi-PCB yoyilo olukhawulezayo, abantu abakushishino bacebise ingcamango entsha yoyilo, eye yaba yindlela yokuyila “phezulu-phantsi”. Emva kokuhlalutya umgaqo-nkqubo ohlukeneyo kunye nokuphucula, uninzi lweengxaki ezinokuthi zithintelwe kwaye kugcinwe imali eninzi. Ixesha lokuqinisekisa ukuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweprojekthi luhlangatyeziwe, iibhodi eziprintiweyo ezikumgangatho ophezulu ziveliswa, kwaye iimpazamo zovavanyo ezidinayo nezinexabiso eliphezulu ziyaphetshwa.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigca ehlukeneyo yokuhambisa iimpawu zedijithali ngumlinganiselo osebenzayo wokulawula izinto ezitshabalalisa ingqibelelo yesignali kwiisekethe zedijithali ezikhawulezayo. Umgca wokwahlula kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo ilingana ne-microwave edibeneyo yothungelwano oludityanisiweyo esebenza kwimo ye-quasi-TEM. Phakathi kwazo, umgca wokwahlukana phezulu okanye ezantsi kwe-PCB ulingana nomgca we-microstrip odityanisiweyo kwaye ubekwe kumaleko angaphakathi we-PCB ye-multilayer. Isignali yedijithali idluliselwa kumgca wokungafani kwindlela yokudlulisa imo engaqhelekanga, oko kukuthi, ukuhlukana kwesigaba phakathi kweempawu ezintle kunye nezibi ngu-180 °, kwaye ingxolo idibaniswa kwimigca ehlukeneyo kwimodi eqhelekileyo. I-voltage okanye yangoku yesekethe iyancitshiswa, ukwenzela ukuba umqondiso unokufumaneka ukuphelisa ingxolo yemowudi eqhelekileyo. I-low-voltage amplitude okanye i-current drive output of the pairial line pair izalisekisa iimfuno zokuhlanganiswa kwesantya esiphezulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi.

Amagqabantshintshi ayi-6 okuqukumbela

Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lobuchwepheshe be-elektroniki, kuyafuneka ukuqonda ithiyori yemfezeko yomqondiso ukukhokela kunye nokuqinisekisa uyilo lweePCB ezinesantya esiphezulu. Amanye amava ashwankathelwe kweli nqaku anokunceda abaqulunqi besekethe bePCB abanesantya esiphezulu banciphise umjikelo wophuhliso, banqande ukuphambuka okungeyomfuneko, kwaye bagcine abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo eziphathekayo. Abaqulunqi kufuneka baqhubeke nophando kunye nokuphonononga kumsebenzi wokwenene, baqhubeke beqokelela amava, kwaye badibanise itekhnoloji entsha ukuyila iibhodi zesekethe zePCB ezinesantya esiphezulu kunye nokusebenza okugqwesileyo.