1 Imibuzo

Ngokukhula okukhulu kobunkimbinkimbi bedizayini kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamasistimu kagesi, isivinini sewashi nezikhathi zokukhuphuka kwedivayisi ziya ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha, futhi ngesivinini PCB ukuklama sekuyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yokuklama. Ekwakhiweni kwesifunda esinesivinini esikhulu, i-inductance kanye ne-capacitance emgqeni webhodi lesifunda yenza ucingo lulingane nolayini wokudlulisela. Isakhiwo esingalungile sezingxenye zokunqamula noma izintambo ezingalungile zamasignali anesivinini esiphezulu zingabangela izinkinga zomphumela womugqa wokudlulisela, okuholela ekukhishweni kwedatha okungalungile ohlelweni, ukusebenza kwesekhethi okungavamile noma ngisho kungasebenzi nhlobo. Ngokusekelwe kumodeli yolayini wokudlulisa, ukufingqa, ulayini wokudlulisela uzoletha imiphumela emibi njengokuboniswa kwesignali, i-crosstalk, ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic, ukunikezwa kwamandla nomsindo ophansi ekwakhiweni kwesekhethi.

Ukuze uklame ibhodi lesifunda le-PCB elinesivinini esiphezulu elingasebenza ngokuthembekile, umklamo kufanele ucatshangelwe ngokugcwele nangokucophelela ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga ezithile ezingathembeki ezingase zenzeke phakathi nokuhlelwa nomzila, ukufinyeza umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo, nokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwemakethe.

Ungawasebenzisa kanjani amathuluzi omklamo we-PROTEL wokuklama kwe-PCB enesivinini esikhulu

2 Isakhiwo sesistimu yefrikhwensi ephezulu

Kumklamo we-PCB wesekethe, ukwakheka kuyisixhumanisi esibalulekile. Umphumela wesakhiwo uzothinta ngokuqondile umphumela we-wiring nokuthembeka kwesistimu, okuyinto edla isikhathi esiningi futhi enzima kuwo wonke umklamo webhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe. Indawo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-PCB enemvamisa ephezulu yenza ukwakheka kwesistimu yamafrikhwensi aphezulu kube nzima ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwethiyori olufundiwe. Kudinga ukuthi umuntu obekayo kumele abe nolwazi olucebile ekukhiqizeni i-PCB enesivinini esikhulu, ukuze agweme ukuchezuka enqubweni yokuklama. Thuthukisa ukwethembeka nokusebenza kahle komsebenzi wokujikeleza. Enqubweni yesakhiwo, kufanele kubhekwe ukucatshangelwa okuphelele kwesakhiwo semishini, ukuchithwa kokushisa, ukuphazamiseka kukazibuthe, ukusebenziseka kalula kwezintambo zesikhathi esizayo, kanye nobuhle.

Okokuqala, ngaphambi kokuhlela, isifunda sonke sihlukaniswe imisebenzi. I-high-frequency circuit ihlukaniswe ne-low-frequency circuit, futhi i-analog circuit kanye ne-digital circuit iyahlukaniswa. Isifunda ngasinye esisebenzayo sibekwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka enkabeni ye-chip. Gwema ukubambezeleka kokudlulisela okubangelwa izintambo ezinde kakhulu, futhi uthuthukise umphumela wokuqaqa wama-capacitor. Ngaphezu kwalokho, naka izikhundla ezihambisanayo nezikhombisi-ndlela phakathi kwezikhonkwane nezingxenye zesekethe namanye amashubhu ukuze unciphise ithonya lawo elilinganayo. Zonke izingxenye ze-high-frequency kufanele zibe kude ne-chassis namanye amapuleti ensimbi ukunciphisa ukuhlangana kwe-parasitic.

Okwesibili, kufanele kuqashelwe imiphumela eshisayo neye-electromagnetic phakathi kwezingxenye ngesikhathi sokuhlela. Le miphumela iyingozi kakhulu kumasistimu amafrikhwensi aphezulu, futhi izinyathelo zokugwema noma ukuhlukanisa, ukushisa nesihlangu kufanele kuthathwe. Ishubhu yokulungisa amandla aphezulu kanye neshubhu yokulungisa kufanele ifakwe irediyetha futhi igcinwe kude ne-transformer. Izingxenye ezimelana nokushisa ezifana ne-electrolytic capacitors kufanele zigcinwe kude nezingxenye zokushisa, ngaphandle kwalokho i-electrolyte izomiswa, okuholela ekwandeni kokumelana nokusebenza kabi, okuzothinta ukuzinza kwesifunda. Isikhala esanele kufanele sishiywe ekuhlelweni ukuze kuhlelwe isakhiwo sokuzivikela futhi kuvimbele ukwethulwa kwama-couplings ahlukahlukene e-parasitic. Ukuze uvimbele ukuhlangana kukazibuthe phakathi kwamakhoyili ebhodini lesekethe eliphrintiwe, amakhoyili amabili kufanele abekwe kuma-engeli angakwesokudla ukuze kuncishiswe i-coefficient yokuhlanganisa. Indlela ye-vertical plate isolation ingasetshenziswa futhi. Kungcono ukusebenzisa ngokuqondile ukuhola kwengxenye ezothengiswa kumjikelezo. Umthofu omfushane, ungcono. Ungasebenzisi izixhumi namathebhu wokunamathisela ngoba kukhona amandla asabalalisiwe kanye ne-inductance esabalalisiwe phakathi kwamathebhu asondelene asoda. Gwema ukubeka izingxenye zomsindo ophezulu eduze kwe-crystal oscillator, i-RIN, i-analog voltage, kanye nezinkomba zesignali ye-voltage yereferensi.

Okokugcina, ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ikhwalithi engokwemvelo nokuthembeka, ngenkathi kucatshangelwa ubuhle obuphelele, ukuhlelwa kwebhodi lesifunda okunengqondo kufanele kwenziwe. Izingxenye kufanele zihambisane noma zihambisane nendawo yebhodi, futhi zihambisane noma zihambisane nomkhawulo webhodi elikhulu. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezingxenye endaweni yebhodi kufanele kube ngokulinganayo ngangokunokwenzeka futhi ukuminyana kufanele kuhambisane. Ngale ndlela, akuyona nje inhle, kodwa futhi kulula ukuyihlanganisa nokushisela, futhi kulula ukuyikhiqiza ngobuningi.

3 Izintambo zesistimu yefrikhwensi ephezulu

Emijikelezweni ye-high-frequency, imingcele yokusabalalisa yokumelana, i-capacitance, i-inductance kanye ne-inductance ehambisanayo yezintambo zokuxhuma ayikwazi ukushaywa indiva. Ngokombono wokulwa nokuphazamiseka, i-wiring enengqondo iwukuzama ukunciphisa ukumelana komugqa, i-capacitance esabalalisiwe, kanye ne-inductance elahlekile kumjikelezo. , Inkambu kazibuthe ewumphumela yehliswa ibe ncane, ukuze amandla asabalalisiwe, ukuvuza kwe-flux kazibuthe, i-electromagnetic mutual inductance nokunye ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa umsindo kucindezelwe.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi omklamo we-PROTEL e-China bekuvamile kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, abaklami abaningi bagxila kuphela “kwizinga le-broadband”, futhi ukuthuthukiswa okwenziwe amathuluzi okuklama we-PROTEL ukuze avumelane nezinguquko ezicini zedivayisi akuzange kusetshenziswe ekwakhiweni, okungagcini nje ngokwenza Ukumosha kwezinsiza zethuluzi lokuklama kungaphezulu. sína, okwenza kube nzima ekusebenzeni okuhle kakhulu kwamadivayisi amaningi amasha ukuthi adlale.

Okulandelayo kwethula imisebenzi ethile ekhethekile ithuluzi le-PROTEL99 SE elinganikeza.

(1) Umthofu phakathi kwezikhonkwane zesekhethi yezinga eliphezulu kufanele ugotshwe kancane ngangokunokwenzeka. Kungcono ukusebenzisa umugqa oqondile ogcwele. Uma ukugoba kudingekile, ukugoba okungu-45° noma ama-arcs angasetshenziswa, okunganciphisa ukukhishwa kwangaphandle kwamasignali wemvamisa ephezulu kanye nokuphazanyiswa komunye nomunye. Ukuhlangana phakathi. Uma usebenzisa i-PROTEL umzila, ungakhetha ama-45-Degrees noma Okuyindilinga “Kumakhona Omzila” kumenyu “yemithetho” yemenyu ethi “Design”. Ungasebenzisa futhi okhiye be-shift + space ukuze ushintshe ngokushesha phakathi kwemigqa.

(2) Uma umthofi emfushane phakathi kwezikhonkwane zedivayisi yesifunda esinemvamisa ephezulu, kuba ngcono.

I-PROTEL 99 Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuhlangabezana nezintambo ezimfishane ukwenza i-aphoyintimenti yokufaka izintambo kumanethiwekhi okhiye ngamunye anesivinini esiphezulu ngaphambi kokufaka izintambo ezizenzakalelayo. “I-RouTIng Topology” kokuthi “imithetho” kumenyu ethi “Design”

Khetha okufushane kakhulu.

(3) Ukushintshaniswa kwezingqimba zomthofu phakathi kwezikhonkwane zesekethe yamaza aphezulu kuncane ngangokunokwenzeka. Okusho ukuthi, ama-vias ambalwa asetshenziswa kunqubo yokuxhuma ingxenye, kuba ngcono.

I-One via ingaletha cishe i-0.5pF ye-capacitance esabalalisiwe, futhi ukunciphisa inani lama-vias kungakhuphula kakhulu isivinini.

(4) Ukuze uthole i-wiring ye-high-frequency circuit, qaphela “ukuphazamiseka kwesiphambano” okwethulwa i-wiring ehambisanayo yomugqa wesignali, okungukuthi, i-crosstalk. Uma ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kungenakugwenywa, indawo enkulu “yomhlaba” ingahlelwa ngakolunye uhlangothi lomugqa wesignali ofanayo.

Ukunciphisa kakhulu ukuphazamiseka. I-wiring ehambisanayo kungqimba olufanayo cishe ayinakugwenywa, kodwa ezingxenyeni ezimbili eziseduze, isiqondiso se-wiring kufanele sibe perpendicular komunye nomunye. Lokhu akunzima ukukwenza ku-PROTEL kodwa kulula ukungakunaki. Ku-“RoutIngLayers” kumenyu “Yokuklama” “imithetho”, khetha Okuvundlile ku-Toplayer kanye ne-VerTIcal ye-BottomLayer. Ngaphezu kwalokho, “i-Polygonplane” inikezwa “endaweni”

Umsebenzi we-polygonal grid ye-copper foil surface, uma ubeka i-polygon njengendawo yonke yebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe, futhi uxhuma le thusi ku-GND yesifunda, ingathuthukisa ikhono eliphezulu lokulwa nokuphazamiseka, Iphinde ibe izinzuzo ezinkulu zokukhipha ukushisa namandla ebhodi lokuphrinta.

(5) Sebenzisa izilinganiso zokuvaleka kwezintambo zaphansi zemigqa yesignali ebaluleke kakhulu noma amayunithi endawo. “Izinto ezikhethiwe zohlaka” kunikezwa kokuthi “Amathuluzi”, futhi lo msebenzi ungasetshenziswa “ukusonga phansi” ngokuzenzakalela imigqa yesignali ebalulekile ekhethiwe (njenge-oscillation circuit LT ne-X1).

(6) Ngokuvamile, ulayini wamandla kanye nolayini ophansi wesekethe kubanzi kunomugqa wesignali. Ungasebenzisa “Amakilasi” kumenyu ethi “Design” ukuze uhlukanise inethiwekhi, ehlukaniswe yaba inethiwekhi yamandla kanye nenethiwekhi yesignali. Kulula ukusetha imithetho ye-wiring. Shintsha ububanzi bomugqa wolayini wamandla kanye nolayini wesignali.

(7) Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezintambo azikwazi ukwenza iluphu, futhi ucingo oluphansi alukwazi ukwenza iluphu yamanje. Uma i-loop circuit yenziwa, izodala ukuphazamiseka okuningi ohlelweni. Indlela ye-wiring ye-daisy chain ingasetshenziswa kulokhu, engagwema ngokuphumelelayo ukwakheka kwezihibe, amagatsha noma izigxobo ngesikhathi se-wiring, kodwa futhi izoletha inkinga yokungabi lula kwezintambo.

(8) Ngokuya ngedatha kanye nomklamo wama-chips ahlukahlukene, linganisa umthamo wamanje ophasiswe yisekethe yokuphakela amandla bese unquma ububanzi bentambo obudingekayo. Ngokusho kwefomula ye-empirical: W (ububanzi bomugqa) ≥ L (mm/A) × I (A).

Ngokusho kwamanje, zama ukwandisa ububanzi bomugqa wamandla futhi unciphise ukumelana ne-loop. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, yenza isiqondiso solayini wamandla kanye nentambo yaphansi ihambisane nesiqondiso sokudluliswa kwedatha, okusiza ukuthuthukisa ikhono lokulwa nomsindo. Uma kudingekile, idivayisi yokuklinywa ye-high-frequency eyenziwe nge-ferrite yesilonda socingo lwethusi ingangezwa entanjeni yamandla kanye nomugqa ophansi ukuze kuvinjwe ukuqhuba komsindo we-high-frequency.

(9) Ububanzi bezintambo zenethiwekhi efanayo kufanele bugcinwe bufana. Ukwehluka kobubanzi bomugqa kuzodala ukungalingani kwesici somugqa. Lapho isivinini sokudlulisela siphezulu, ukucabangela kuzokwenzeka, okufanele kugwenywe ngangokunokwenzeka ekwakhiweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, khulisa ububanzi bomugqa wemigqa ehambisanayo. Uma ibanga lesikhungo somugqa lingeqi izikhathi ezi-3 ububanzi bomugqa, i-70% yendawo kagesi ingagcinwa ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa okuhlangene, okubizwa ngokuthi isimiso se-3W. Ngale ndlela, ithonya le-capacitance esabalalisiwe kanye ne-inductance esabalalisiwe ebangelwa imigqa ehambisanayo inganqotshwa.

4 Idizayini yentambo yamandla nocingo oluphansi

Ukuze uxazulule ukwehla kwe-voltage okubangelwa umsindo wokunikezwa kwamandla kanye nokuvinjelwa komugqa okwethulwa yisekethe ye-high-frequency, ukwethembeka kwesistimu yokunikezwa kwamandla kumjikelezo we-high-frequency kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokugcwele. Ngokuvamile kunezixazululo ezimbili: esisodwa ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bebhasi lamandla ukuze kufakwe izintambo; enye iwukusebenzisa isendlalelo sokuphakelwa kwamandla esihlukile. Uma kuqhathaniswa, inqubo yokukhiqiza yakamuva iyinkimbinkimbi futhi izindleko zibiza kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe bebhasi lamandla enethiwekhi bungasetshenziselwa ukufaka izintambo, ukuze ingxenye ngayinye ibe ye-loop ehlukile, futhi okwamanje ebhasini ngalinye kunethiwekhi ijwayele ukulingana, ukunciphisa ukwehla kwe-voltage okubangelwa yi-impedance yomugqa.

Amandla okudlulisela imvamisa ephezulu makhulu uma kuqhathaniswa, ungasebenzisa indawo enkulu yethusi, futhi uthole indiza yaphansi engamelana kakhulu eduze ukuze ibekwe phansi kaningi. Ngenxa yokuthi i-inductance yomthofu ophansi ilingana nemvamisa nobude, i-impedance yomhlabathi evamile izokwengezwa lapho i-frequency yokusebenza iphezulu, okuzokhuphula ukuphazamiseka kozibuthe okukhiqizwa yi-common ground impedance, ngakho ubude bentambo yaphansi okudingekayo kube mfushane ngangokunokwenzeka. Zama ukunciphisa ubude bomugqa wesiginali futhi ukhuphule indawo yeluphu yaphansi.

Setha i-capacitor eyodwa noma ezimbalwa ze-high-frequency decoupling kumandla naphansi kwe-chip ukuze unikeze isiteshi esiseduze se-high-frequency yamanje yesikhashana ye-chip ehlanganisiwe, ukuze owamanje ungadluli kulayini wokuphakela amandla ngeluphu enkulu. endaweni, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa kakhulu Umsindo ukhiphela ngaphandle. Khetha ama-capacitor e-ceramic monolithic anezimpawu ezinhle zemvamisa ephezulu njengama-decoupling capacitor. Sebenzisa ama-tantalum capacitor amakhulu noma ama-polyester capacitor esikhundleni sama-electrolytic capacitor njengama-capacitor okugcina amandla ukuze ushaje isekethe. Ngenxa yokuthi i-inductance esabalalisiwe ye-electrolytic capacitor inkulu, ayivumelekile kumafrikhwensi aphezulu. Uma usebenzisa ama-electrolytic capacitor, wasebenzise ngamabhangqa anama-decoupling capacitor anezici ezinhle ze-high-frequency.

5 Amanye amasu okuklama isekethe enesivinini esikhulu

Ukufanisa i-impedance kubhekisela esimweni sokusebenza lapho i-impedance yomthwalo kanye ne-impedance yangaphakathi yomthombo we-excitation iguqulelwe komunye nomunye ukuze kutholwe ukuphuma kwamandla aphezulu. Ngocingo lwe-PCB olunesivinini esikhulu, ukuze kuvinjwe ukuboniswa kwesignali, ukuthintana kwesekhethi kuyadingeka ukuthi kube ngu-50 Ω. Lesi yisibalo esilinganiselwe. Ngokuvamile, kushiwo ukuthi ibhande eliphansi lekhebula elikhoaxial lingu-50 Ω, ibhendi yefrikhwensi ngu-75 Ω, kanti intambo esontekile ingu-100 Ω. Kuyinombolo nje ephelele, ukuze kube lula ukufanisa. Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwesifunda esithile, ukunqanyulwa kwe-AC okufanayo kuyamukelwa, futhi inethiwekhi ye-resistor ne-capacitor isetshenziswa njenge-impedance yokuqeda. Ukumelana nokunqanyulwa kuka-R kufanele kube ngaphansi noma kulingane ne-impedance yolayini wokudlulisela u-Z0, futhi amandla C kufanele abe mkhulu kuno-100 pF. Kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-0.1UF multilayer ceramic capacitor. I-capacitor inomsebenzi wokuvimbela imvamisa ephansi futhi idlulise imvamisa ephezulu, ngakho-ke ukumelana no-R akuwona umthwalo we-DC womthombo wokushayela, ngakho le ndlela yokuqeda ayinakho ukusetshenziswa kwamandla e-DC.

I-Crosstalk ibhekisela ekuphazamisekeni komsindo we-voltage ongathandeki okubangelwa ukuhlangana kuka-electromagnetic emigqeni yokudlulisela eseduze lapho isignali isakazeka kulayini wokudlulisela. I-Coupling ihlukaniswe yaba yi-capacitive coupling kanye ne-inductive coupling. I-crosstalk eyeqile ingase ibangele ukucupha okungamanga kwesekethe futhi kubangele ukuthi isistimu yehluleke ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile. Ngokwezinye izici ze-crosstalk, izindlela ezimbalwa eziyinhloko zokunciphisa i-crosstalk zingafingqwa:

(1) Khulisa isikhala somugqa, nciphisa ubude obuhambisanayo, futhi usebenzise indlela yokugijima ukuze ufake izintambo uma kunesidingo.

(2) Uma imigqa yesignali yesivinini esiphezulu ihlangabezana nemibandela, ukwengeza ukunqanyulwa okufanayo kunganciphisa noma kuqede ukubonakaliswa, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise i-crosstalk.

(3) Olayini bokudlulisa be-microstrip kanye nelayini yokudlulisela eyi-strip, ukukhawulela ubude bokulandelela ukuba bube phakathi kwebanga elingaphezu kwendiza ephansi kunganciphisa kakhulu i-crosstalk.

(4) Uma isikhala sezintambo sivuma, faka intambo yaphansi phakathi kwezintambo ezimbili ezine-crosstalk engathi sína, engadlala indima ekuzihlukaniseni nokunciphisa i-crosstalk.

Ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuhlaziywa kwesivinini esikhulu kanye nesiqondiso sokulingisa ekwakhiweni kwe-PCB yendabuko, ikhwalithi yesiginali ayikwazi ukuqinisekiswa, futhi izinkinga eziningi azikwazi ukutholwa kuze kube ukuhlolwa kokwenza amapuleti. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuklama futhi kwandisa izindleko, okusobala ukuthi kungenanzuzo emqhudelwaneni wezimakethe oshubile. Ngakho-ke, ngomklamo we-PCB wesivinini esikhulu, abantu embonini bahlongoze umbono omusha wokuklama, osephenduke indlela yokuklama “phezulu-phansi”. Ngemuva kokuhlaziywa kwenqubomgomo nokuthuthukiswa okunhlobonhlobo, izinkinga eziningi ezingaba khona ziye zagwenywa futhi kuye kwenziwa ukonga okuningi. Isikhathi sokuqinisekisa ukuthi isabelomali sephrojekthi siyafinyelelwa, kukhiqizwa amabhodi aphrintiwe ekhwalithi ephezulu, futhi amaphutha okuhlola ayisicefe futhi abizayo ayagwenywa.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemigqa yokuhlukanisa ukudlulisa amasignali edijithali kuyisinyathelo esisebenzayo sokulawula izici ezicekela phansi ubuqotho besignali kumasekhethi edijithali anesivinini esikhulu. Ulayini ohlukanisayo ebhodini lesekethe eliphrintiwe ulingana nokubhangqwa kolayini wokudlulisa ohlanganisiwe we-microwave osebenza ngemodi ye-quasi-TEM. Phakathi kwazo, umugqa ohlukile ongaphezulu noma phansi we-PCB ulingana nolayini we-microstrip ohlanganisiwe futhi utholakala kungqimba yangaphakathi ye-PCB ye-multilayer Umugqa ohlukile ulingana nomugqa we-strip ohlangene obanzi. Isignali yedijithali idluliselwa emugqeni ohlukile kumodi yokudlulisela yemodi engavamile, okungukuthi, umehluko wesigaba phakathi kwamasignali amahle kanye ne-negative yi-180 °, futhi umsindo uhlanganiswe emigqeni emibili ehlukile kwimodi evamile. I-voltage noma yamanje yesekethe isusiwe, ukuze isignali itholakale ukuze kuqedwe umsindo wemodi evamile. I-amplitude ye-voltage ephansi noma okukhiphayo kwedrayivu yamanje kokubhanqwa komugqa wokuhlukanisa kufeza izidingo zokuhlanganisa isivinini kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi.

Amazwi okuphetha ayi-6

Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi, kubalulekile ukuqonda ithiyori yobuqotho besignali ukuze uqondise futhi uqinisekise ukwakheka kwama-PCB anesivinini esikhulu. Okunye okuhlangenwe nakho okufingqiwe kulesi sihloko kungasiza abaklami besifunda se-PCB abanesivinini esikhulu ukuba bafinyeze umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa, bagweme ukuchezuka okungadingekile, futhi bonge abasebenzi kanye nezinsizakusebenza. Abaklami kufanele baqhubeke nokucwaninga nokuhlola emsebenzini wangempela, baqhubeke nokuqongelela ulwazi, futhi bahlanganise ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuze baklame amabhodi esekethe e-PCB anesivinini esikhulu ngokusebenza okuhle kakhulu.