Kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha zigawo zikuluzikulu ndikuchepetsa dera la bolodi kudzera pakuphatikizika kwa RF

Mu zida zamasiku ano zopanda zingwe, zopitilira theka la zinthu zomwe zili pa board board ndi zida za analog za RF. Chifukwa chake, njira yothandiza yochepetsera dera loyendetsa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi ndikupanga kuphatikiza kwakukulu kwa RF ndikupanga njira yolumikizira. Pepala ili limafotokoza za chitukuko cha kuphatikiza kwa RF, ndikuyika zotsutsana ndi mayankho ena amavutowa.

Zaka zingapo zapitazo, msika wamafoni anali olamulidwa ndi gulu limodzi komanso mitundu iwiri yamafoni, ndipo ukadaulo womwe wagwiritsidwa ntchito unali ??? Gwira gulu limodzi kapena awiri am’manja onse ??? Njira yomweyi yosinthira mawu, njira zopezera njira zingapo ndi protocol zimakhazikitsidwa mgulu loyenda pafupipafupi. Mosiyana ndi izi, mamangidwe am’manja am’badwo watsopanowu ndi ovuta kwambiri ndipo amatha kupereka ma band angapo komanso mitundu ingapo ??? Ili ndi netiweki ya Bluetooth, malo a GPS ndi ntchito zina, ndipo ntchito za UWB ndi TV zayamba kuwoneka. Kuphatikiza apo, mapulogalamu monga masewera, zithunzi, ma audio ndi makanema afala kwambiri pama foni am’manja.

Matelefoni opanda zingwe akukhala chida chovuta kutchedwa malo osangalalira ndi dzanja. Kukula kwake kukupitilizabe kubweretsa zovuta kwa opanga. Ngakhale kuyerekezera ndi mafoni okhala ndi mawu okha, mibadwo yatsopano yam’manja yawonjezeka kwambiri pakuwongolera kulumikizana, kukonza mapulogalamu, kuchuluka kwa maulalo a RF ndi kukumbukira kosakanikirana, ogwiritsa ntchito amayembekezerabe kuti mafoni azikhala ndi voliyumu yaying’ono, mawonekedwe osasunthika, otsika mtengo ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu cha utoto, Itha kupereka nthawi yoyimirira komanso yolankhula yofanana ndi mafoni amiyambo. Kusunga kukula komwe kulipo ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, koma kupangitsa kuti ntchitoyi iwonjezeke mopitilira muyeso, pomwe dongosolo lonse limakhala losasinthika, zonsezi zimabweretsa mavuto kwa omwe amapanga makina.

Zachidziwikire, vutoli limakhudza magawo onse amachitidwe onse, komanso omwe amapereka ma kulumikizana opanda zingwe ndi zosangalatsa zonse. Dera limodzi lomwe limathandiza kwambiri pochepetsa malo ogwiritsira ntchito magetsi ndi magetsi ndi gawo la RF yopanga makina opanda zingwe. Izi ndichifukwa choti foni yam’manja yamasiku ano, zopitilira theka la zinthu zomwe zili m’bwaloli ndi zida za analog za RF, zomwe zimawerengera 30-40% ya dera lonselo, monga makina a Bluetooth RF monga GPS ndi WLAN nawonso onjezerani zofunikira mlengalenga.

Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikuphatikiza kuphatikiza kwakukulu kwa RF ndikumaliza kukhala chip chophatikizika kwathunthu. Okonza ena amaika makina osinthira a analog-to-digital mu antenna kuti achepetse malo okwanira oyang’anira dera omwe amafunikira ntchito za RF. Makina ophatikizira a semiconductor atha kuphatikiza ntchito imodzi pachida chimodzi, kuchuluka kwa zida zopangika ndi malo oyang’anira dera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutengera zida izi zimachepetsedwa moyenera. Makampaniwa akamapita ku makina ophatikizira dongosolo, opanga adzapitiliza kupeza matekinoloje atsopano kuti athane ndi kutsutsana pakati pa zovuta zapamwamba za RF ndi moyo wautali wa batri muzida zazing’ono zopanda zingwe.

Kukula kwa mgwirizano wa RF

Kukula kofunikira pakuphatikizika kwa RF kudawonekera pafupifupi zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Panthawiyo, chitukuko cha ukadaulo wa RF ndi modem ya baseband ya digito zidapangitsa kuti zisinthe ma superheterodyne RF zida ndikuwalandila olandila mwachindunji mafoni opanda zingwe. Zipangizo za Superheterodyne RF zimagwiritsa ntchito ma mixer angapo, zosefera komanso ma voltage oscillators angapo (VCOs), omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri, koma kuphatikiza kwa zotembenuka kwachangu zotsogola zida za RF kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zigawo za GSM RF. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1990, gulu limodzi la superheterodyne RF subsystem linali ndi PA, switch ya antenna, LDO, ma signal ang’onoang’ono a RF ndi vctcxo, omwe amafunikira zida pafupifupi 200; Lero, titha kupanga makina otembenuka pafupipafupi ndi magwiridwe antchito anayi, omwe amaphatikiza fyuluta ya loop ya VCO, VCXO ndi PLL, koma zida zake ndizochepera 50. Chithunzi 1: anayi operekera ma transceiver a GSM ophatikizika kwambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, transceiver trf6151 (Chithunzi 1) cha Texas Instruments cha GSM chimaphatikizapo on-chip voltage regulator, VCO ndi VCO channel, PA mphamvu zowongolera, kuzindikira kwa PLL kuzungulira kwa blocker blocker, LNA imapeza pang’onopang’ono komanso VCXO.

Kwa okonza mapangidwe, kuphatikiza kopitilira muyeso kumathandizira kuthana ndi mavuto ena akulu mu RF yopanda zingwe, pomwe imodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri ndi magetsi a DC ndikuwongolera kwa transceiver. Mukamayimba foni, batire yamagetsi imasintha pakusintha kwa kutentha ndi nthawi. Kuphatikiza apo, kulumikizana kwa phokoso kuchokera ku TX VCO ndi Rx VCO magetsi kudzakhudzanso magwiridwe antchito a dongosolo lonselo. Chifukwa chake, opanga amakumana ndi vuto lamomwe angathetsere woyang’anira bolodi la RF ndi zinthu zina zofananira. Kuphatikiza zida izi mu transceiver ya RF kumatanthauza kuti chinthu chokhacho chakunja chofunikira ndichosavuta kuwotchera capacitor, chomwe chimalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi magetsi, omwe samangopangitsa kapangidwe kake, komanso amasunga malo oyang’anira dera.

Vuto lina kwa opanga ma RF ndi kusintha kwa VCO ndi nthawi yotseka. M’mapangidwe onse a analog VCO. Chifukwa nthawi zambiri pamafunika kulinganiza nthawi yotseka ndi masanjidwe ake, fyuluta yoyika nthawi zambiri imayikidwa kunja kwa chip. Nthawi zina, izi zitha kuthetsedwa pakuwongolera mapulogalamu a VCO tuning osiyanasiyana. Komabe, njirayi imapereka zofunikira zowonjezerapo zothandizira pakukula kwa foni. Ntchito yolinganiza ya digito ikaphatikizidwa mu VCO ndipo imatha kudzipangira payokha, njira zochulukitsira zambiri zitha kupezeka, ndipo cholumikizira cha loop chitha kuyikidwa mu chip. Zachidziwikire, chiwembucho chitha kupangitsa akatswiri opanga mapangidwe kuti azichepetsa ntchito yawo.

Pofuna kupeza mphamvu zotumizira zamagetsi zomwe zimafunikira ndi dongosolo la GSM, opanga PA nthawi zambiri amaphatikizira ntchitoyi mu module yamagetsi yamagetsi (PAM). Wowongolera magetsi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zipata za CMOS zama digito zikwizikwi, zomwe zimapangidwa mu chip chodziyimira pawokha mu PAM. Izi ziziwonjezera mtengo wa PAM ndi US $ 0.30 ~ 0.40. Kuphatikiza ntchitoyi mu zida za RF kumathandizira opanga a GaAs PAM kuti asagule ma circuits a CMOS ndikuwayika mu PAM. Kwa OEM yopanga masauzande azinthu mwezi uliwonse, kuchotsa gawo lofunikirali kumachepetsa kwambiri mtengo wawo.

Dera lina komwe kuphatikiza kwapamwamba kumatha kubweretsa ndalama zambiri ndi VCXO. M’mbuyomu, ma module a vctcxo okwera mtengo adagulidwa ndikupanga zida za RF ngati zinthu zophatikizika. Chifukwa chake, kuphatikiza zinthu wamba zama module a vctcxo muzida za RF kumatha kuchepetsa mtengo ndi zovuta zina zakapangidwe. Pogwiritsa ntchito trf6151, pamafunika kristalo wotsika mtengo komanso varactor kuti amalize ntchito ya vctcxo.

Ngakhale kuphatikizika ndi kapangidwe kake kosavuta, mainjiniya opanga ma RF amakumanabe ndi zisankho zovuta, chimodzi mwazomwe zimakhudza chidwi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa Rx. Zimadziwika kuti zikuluzikulu zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zamagetsi zotsika kwambiri (LNA), zimachepetsa phokoso lonse. Wopanga mapangidwe ayenera kudziwa bajeti yonse yamphamvu ya wolandila komanso zofunikira pakulandila kwa wolandirayo. Komabe, phokosoli silichepera ndikuchepetsa mphamvu. M’malo mwake, ndizosiyana. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale itha kukumana ndi malingaliro a GSM, opanga amafunika kudzifunsa ngati kuli koyenera kulipira mtengo wamagetsi kuti akwaniritse gawo linalake lachidziwitso. Funso ili likufotokozanso chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti akatswiri opanga mapangidwe ndi opanga ma IC agwirizane kwambiri pakupanga konseko. Malingaliro ochokera kwa akatswiri opanga mapangidwe amatha kuwongolera opanga ma IC kuti azigwiritsa ntchito bwino mafakitale opanda zingwe akamapanga zinthu zamtsogolo za RF.

Kupanga za SOC

Kuchepetsa mtengo, mphamvu ndi zovuta za makina opanda zingwe ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zitheke bwino pakukhudzana kwadongosolo. Komabe, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mayankho ophatikizika am’manja amafunikira kuti makampani opanga ma semiconductor athane ndi zovuta zaukadaulo. Zina mwazolepheretsa izi sizimakhudzidwa ndi omwe amapanga, chifukwa ambiri aiwo safuna kudziwa momwe zida za SOC zimapangidwira, Malingana ngati zitha kupereka magwiridwe antchito. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa mwachangu njira zina zamatekinoloje, zomwe zingakhudze kuthekera ndi kupezeka kwa zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophatikiza mafoni.

Pali njira zingapo zophatikizira mafoni amtundu wa RF. Choyamba, mapangidwe amtundu wa RF amatha kukhazikitsidwa mu njira yosinthira magwiridwe antchito kapena BiCMOS pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wachikhalidwe. Chombo chomaliza cha RF chitha kusonkhanitsidwa ndi mafoni am’manja pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi. Ngakhale ukadaulo uwu uli ndi maubwino ambiri, monga kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodziwikiratu za RF ndi njira zokhwima ndi matekinoloje, ndizovuta kuchita malonda chifukwa chokwera mtengo komanso zokolola zamagetsi oyesera.

Kuphatikiza apo, kuphatikiza kwa makina amagetsi a m’manja kungapezekenso ndi njira yotsogola ya BiCMOS (SiGe). Komabe, chifukwa kukonza kwa zida za SiGe HBT kumafunikira njira zowonjezerapo zojambula, chip chomaliza chidzafunika ndalama zina. Nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa luso la SiGe BiCMOS silingagwiritse ntchito njira yotsogola kwambiri, njira ya BiCMOS nthawi zambiri imatsalira pambuyo pa njira yaposachedwa kwambiri ya CMOS. Izi zidzabweretsa kukakamizidwa kwakukulu kukulitsa mawonekedwe am’manja ndikuchepetsa mtengo. Silingathe kuthetsedwa ndi njira yosavuta yoperekera mkate, chifukwa ukadaulo uwu sungasunge dongosolo kapena gawo la digito pamtengo wotsika kwambiri nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake, kuphatikiza kwa monolithic kwa system baseband ntchito RF gawo mu BiCMOS (kapena SiGe) sichisankho chabwino.

Yankho lomaliza lomwe lingaganizidwe ndikuphatikiza kwa RF mu CMOS, yomwe imakumananso ndi zovuta zambiri. Ngakhale pali ma CD angapo a CMOS ma RF, mapangidwe awa makamaka amatengera ntchito za analog. Zimakhala zovuta kukhazikitsa osakaniza, zosefera ndi zokulitsira maukadaulo ndiukadaulo wa CMOS, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa SiGe BiCMOS scheme. Ndikukula kwa ukadaulo waukadaulo, mulingo wovoteledwa wa CMOS ukucheperachepera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapangidwe a analog akhale ovuta. Kumayambiriro koyambitsa njira zatsopano, mawerengeredwe azida ndi kukhwima kwazinthu nthawi zambiri sizingakwaniritse zofunikira zowerengera mwatsatanetsatane wazofunikira pakapangidwe ka gawo la analog. Komabe, kapangidwe katsopano ka digito ka CMOS RF kamapangitsa kuphatikizika kwa monolithic CMOS kukhala kosangalatsa.

Njirazi zimayendetsanso makampani opanga semiconductor popeza opanga amafufuza njira zotsika mtengo za RF system level chip solution. Ngakhale chiwembu chilichonse chophatikizira chimakhala ndi zovuta, ndizodabwitsa kuti kuphatikiza kwa gawo la RF kumatha kufikira kwambiri. Kuthetsa mavutowa kudzatenga gawo lalikulu patsogolo pakupanga mafoni opanda zingwe ndikukhazikitsa njira yolumikizirana posachedwa.

Kutsiliza pepala

Pali zovuta zambiri pakuphatikizidwa kwa RF. Chida chilichonse cha RF cham’manja cham’manja chimakumana ndi zovuta kuchita. Chofunikira chakuzindikira ndi cha – 106dbm (106db pansipa 1 MW) kapena kupitilira apo, ndipo gawo lofananira ndi ma microvolts ochepa chabe; Kuphatikiza apo, kusankha, ndiye kuti, kukana kwa njira yothandiza pagulu loyandikira pafupipafupi (lomwe limadziwika kuti kutsekereza), liyenera kukhala mu dongosolo la 60dB; Kuphatikiza apo, makina oscillator amafunika kuti azigwira ntchito pansi pa phokoso lochepa kwambiri kuti apewe kupindika kwa mphamvu kuti asalowe mgulu lolandila. Kuphatikiza kwa RF kumakhala kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha pafupipafupi kwambiri komanso zofunikira kwambiri pakuchita.

Kukhazikitsa muyezo wama frequency angapo kumabweretsa vuto lililonse pafupipafupi pa SOC. Tikuyembekeza kuchepetsa chisangalalo chomwe chimapangidwa ndi kufalitsa kwa ma band. Zomwe zili pakuphatikizidwa kwa digito ya RF ndizoposa kungoyika zida zingapo za RF mu chip chimodzi. Kapangidwe katsopano kogawana zida zofunikira pamafunika.

Kwa opanga makina, makina osavuta, ophatikizika komanso osafuna zambiri a semiconductor atha kuchepetsa kwambiri kapangidwe kake. Nthawi yomweyo, atha kukulitsa mawonekedwe azida zopanda zingwe ndikusunga kukula kwadongosolo, moyo wa batri komanso mtengo wake osasintha. Zipangizo zatsopano zophatikizika za RF zitha kuthetsanso mikangano pamapangidwe opanda zingwe ndikusunga nthawi yamtengo wapatali ya mainjiniya.