Deredza huwandu hwezvinhu uye udzikise nzvimbo ye circuit board kuburikidza neasina waya RF kusangana

Mumidziyo yanhasi isina waya, inopfuura hafu yezvinhu zviri mubhodhi redunhu zvigadzirwa zveanalog RF. Naizvozvo, inoshanda nzira yekudzora redunhu bhodhi nzvimbo uye simba rekushandisa kuita yakawanda-mikuru RF kusangana uye kuvandudza yakanangana nesystem level chip. Iri bepa rinozivisa mamiriro ekuvandudza eRF kusangana, uye rinoisa pamberi dzimwe nzira dzekumisidzana nemhinduro kune mamwe eaya matambudziko.

Makore mashoma apfuura, musika werunharembozha waidzorwa nebhendi rimwechete uye mbiri bhendi imwe-modhi mafoni, uye tekinoroji yakashandiswa yaingova ??? Bata rimwe kana maviri maseru maseru mune ese ??? Iyo imwechete modulation nzira, yakawanda-chiteshi yekuwana scheme uye protocol inogamuchirwa mune inobata frequency band. Mukupesana, dhizaini yanhasi nyowani chizvarwa chemafoni efoni yakanyanya kuomarara uye inogona kupa akawanda bhendi uye akawanda-maitiro ??? Iyo ine Bluetooth yega nzvimbo netiweki, GPS kumisikidza uye mamwe mabasa, uye UWB neTV inogamuchira mabasa atanga kuoneka. Uye zvakare, kunyorera kwakadai semitambo, mifananidzo, odhiyo uye vhidhiyo zvave zvakajairika mumafoni.

Terevhizheni isina waya iri kuva chishandiso chakaomarara chinonzi ruoko rwekuvaraidza rwemaoko. Yayo yekuvandudza maitiro inoenderera kuunza mamwe matambudziko kune vagadziri. Kunyangwe ichienzaniswa nenharembozha dzine izwi chete rinoshanda, chizvarwa chitsva chemafoni chakawedzera zvakanyanya mukugadzirisa kutaurirana, kugadzirisa mashandisirwo, huwandu hweRF maficha uye inosanganisirwa ndangariro kugona, vashandisi vachiri kutarisira kuti nharembozha dzive nevhoriyamu diki, yakagadziriswa chimiro, yakaderera mutengo uye hukuru hukuru kuratidza, Inogona kupa yakamira uye yekutaura nguva yakafanana neyechinyakare izwi mafoni. Kuchengetedza huripo hukuru hwesimba uye simba rekushandisa, asi kuita kuti basa riwedzere zvakanyanya, uku uchichengetedza huwandu hwesisitimu inodhura isina kuchinjika, zvese izvi zvinounza matambudziko mazhinji kune vagadziri vehurongwa.

Zviripachena, iro dambudziko rinosanganisira zvese zvikamu zveyese system dhizaini, pamwe nevano mutengesi veese kutaurirana pasina waya uye zvemukati zvevaraidzo. Imwe nharaunda inonyanya kushanda mukuderedza bhodhi nzvimbo uye kushandiswa kwesimba ndiyo chikamu cheRF cheasina waya dhizaini dhizaini. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti munharembozha yanhasi, inopfuura hafu yezvinhu zviri mubhodhi zvinhu zveanalog RF, izvo pamwe zvinomiririra 30-40% yenzvimbo yese yebhodhi, senge maBluetooth RF masisitimu akadai seGPS neWLAN anozonyanyawo wedzera izvo zvinodiwa munzvimbo.

Mhinduro ndeyekuita yakawanda-mikuru RF kusangana uye pakupedzisira kukura kuita yakazara yakasanganiswa sisitimu nhanho chip. Vamwe vagadziri vanoisa anoshandura analogog-kune-dijitari muiyo antenna kudzikisa yakazara wedunhu bhodhi nzvimbo inodiwa kumabasa eRF. Kana semiconductor yekubatanidza tekinoroji inogona kusanganisa akawanda mashandiro mune imwechete kifaa, huwandu hwedistrete michina uye wedunhu bhodhi nzvimbo inoshandiswa kugadzirisa izvi zvishandiso zvichaderedzwa zvinoenderana. Sezvo indasitiri inoenda yakanangana nesystem chip yekubatanidza, vagadziri vacharamba vachiwana matekinoroji matsva ekugadzirisa kupokana kuri pakati pekukwirisa kweRF uye hupenyu hwakareba hwebhatiri mumidziyo midiki isina waya.

Mamiriro ekuvandudza eRF kusangana

Kubudirira kwakakosha kwekubatanidzwa kweRF kwakaonekwa anenge makore maviri apfuura. Panguva iyoyo, kuvandudzwa kweRF tekinoroji uye dhijitari baseband modem yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kutsiva superheterodyne RF zvishandiso zvine yakananga pasi kutendeuka vanogamuchira mumatafura nharembozha. Superheterodyne RF zvishandiso zvinoshandisa multistage mixers, mafirita uye akawanda voltage anodzorwa oscillators (VCOs), ayo ave achishandiswa mushe kwemakore mazhinji, asi kusangana kweakanangana frequency frequency kutendeuka maRF madhivha anogona kudzora zvakanyanya huwandu hwese hweGMM RF zvinhu. Mukupera kwema1990, yakajairwa imwechete bhendi superheterodyne RF subsystem yaisanganisira PA, kanyanga switch, LDO, diki chiratidzo RF uye vctcxo, inoda inosvika mazana maviri discrete zvishandiso; Nhasi, tinogona kugadzira yakananga frequency kutendeuka sisitimu ine ina bhendi basa, iyo inosanganisa VCO, VCXO uye PLL loop firita, asi huwandu hwayo hwezvinhu zviri pasi pe200.

Semuenzaniso, iyo transceiver trf6151 (Mufananidzo 1) weTexas Instruments zveGMM inosanganisira on-chip voltage regulator, VCO uye VCO chiteshi, PA simba rekutonga, PLL loop firita kumucheto blocker kuona, LNA inowana nhanho-nhanho kutonga uye VCXO.

Kune vagadziri, kubatanidza kwepamberi kunobatsira kukurira mamwe matambudziko akakura mune isina waya RF, pakati peiyo inonyanya kukosha iDC magetsi emagetsi uye mutemo weiyo transceiver. Munguva yekufona, bhatiri voltage inochinja pamwe nekuchinja kwetembiricha uye nguva. Uye zvakare, ruzha rwakabatana kubva kuTX VCO uye Rx VCO magetsi magetsi anokanganisa mashandiro ehurongwa hwese. Naizvozvo, vagadziri vakatarisana nedambudziko rekuti vagadzirise sei iyo RF redunhu bhodhi mutongi uye zvakanyanya zvine hukama paseti zvinhu. Kubatanidza michina iyi muRF transceiver zvinoreva kuti chinhu chekunze chete chinodiwa kungodzora capacitor, iyo yakabatana zvakananga nemagetsi, iyo isingorerutsi dhizaini chete, asi zvakare inochengetedza dunhu redunhu nzvimbo.

Rimwe dambudziko kune vagadziri veRF ndeyeVCO yekugadzirisa renji uye yekukiya nguva. Mune ese analogog VCO dhizaini. Nekuti zvinowanzo fanirwa kuenzanisa iyo yekukiya nguva uye yekugadzirisa renji, iyo loop firita inowanzoiswa kunze kwechip. Dzimwe nguva, izvi zvinogona kugadziriswa musoftware control yeVCO tuning renji. Nekudaro, iyi nzira inoisa kumberi zvimwe zvekushandisa zvinodiwa pakuvandudza kwefoni. Kana iyo yedhijitari yekugadzirisa basa ikaverengerwa muVCO uye ichikwanisa kuzvipa calibration, yakawedzerwa tuning renji inogona kuwanikwa, uye iyo loop firita chinhu chinogona kuiswa mune chip. Zviripachena, chirongwa ichi chinogona kugonesa mainjiniya ekurerutsa basa ravo.

Kuti uwane simba rekutepfenyurisa rinodikanwa neiyo GSM system, PA vagadziri vanowanzo sanganisira iri basa musimba gudzazwi module (PAM). Mutyairi wemagetsi anowanzo kuve anosvika kuzviuru zvemadhijitari edhijitari e CMOS, ayo anogadzirwa mune yakazvimirira chip muPAM. Ichi chinhu chinowedzera mutengo wePAM neUS $ 0.30 ~ 0.40. Kubatanidza basa iri kuita maRF kunozoita kuti vagadziri veGaAs PAM varege kutenga masekiti edhijitari eCMOS voaisa muPAM. Kune OEM inogadzira zviuru zvezvigadzirwa mwedzi wega wega, kubvisa ichi chinhu chisina basa kuchadzora zvakanyanya mutengo wavo.

Imwe nzvimbo uko kusangana kwepamberi kunogona kuunza yakawanda kuchengetedza iVCXO. Munguva yakapfuura, zvinodhura vctcxo module zvakatengwa uye zvakagadzirwa muRF zvishandiso sezvinhu zvine discrete. Naizvozvo, kusanganisa zvakajairika zvikamu zvevctcxo module mumidziyo yeRF kunogona kudzikisira mutengo uye nezvimwe zvine chekuita nematambudziko. Uchishandisa trf6151, chete yakachipa-inodhura kristall uye varactor inodiwa kuti upedze basa revctcxo.

Kunyangwe paine kusanganisa uye dhizaini dhizaini, maRF mainjiniya vachiri kusangana nesarudzo dzakaomarara, imwe yacho ndeyekupinza kwekunzwa uye Rx simba rekushandisa. Zvinonyatso kuzivikanwa kuti iyo hombe iyo yazvino inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwepasi ruzha gudzazwi (LNA), iyo inoderera iyo yakazara ruzha hunhu. Iyo yekugadzira mainjiniya inofanirwa kuona iyo yakazara simba bhajeti yeanogamuchira uye neyakagwinyisa mwero zvinodiwa zveanogamuchira. Nekudaro, ruzha harudzikire pamwe nekuderedzwa kwesimba. Muchokwadi, zvinopesana. Naizvozvo, kunyangwe ichikwanisa kusangana neiyo GSM yakajairwa, vagadziri vanofanirwa kuzvibvunza kana zvakakodzera kubhadhara mutengo mukushandisa kwesimba kuti uwane imwe nhanho yekunzwisisa. Uyu mubvunzo unotsanangurawo nei zvichikosha kuti mainjiniya ekugadzira uye vagadziri veIC vashande pamwe mune zvese dhizaini yekugadzira. Mhinduro kubva kune vanogadzira mainjiniya inogona kutungamira IC vagadziri kuti vashande zviri nani indasitiri isina waya pavanogadzira zvigadzirwa zveRF mune ramangwana.

Kuvandudza wakanangana neSOC

Kuderedza mutengo, simba uye kuomarara kwemawaya asina waya zvakakosha kuti ubudirire kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nehurongwa hwekubatanidza. Nekudaro, kuvandudzwa kwematanho epamusoro ekubatanidza enhare mbozha inoda iyo semiconductor indasitiri kuti ikunde zvipingaidzo zvakaoma zvehunyanzvi. Zvimwe zvezvipingamupinyi hazviwanzo kunetsekana nevagadziri, nekuti mazhinji acho haadi kuziva kuti maSOC zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa sei, Chero bedzi ichizopa mashandiro anodiwa. Naizvozvo, zvinodikanwa kuti uve nekunzwisisa nekukurumidza kweimwe nzira matekinoroji, izvo zvinokanganisa kugona uye kuwanikwa kwemidziyo inoshandiswa mukubatanidza nharembozha.

Kune akati wandei zvirongwa zvinokwanisika zvekubatanidzwa kwenharembozha RF zvemagetsi system. Kutanga, chivakwa cheRF chivakwa chinogona kuitwa mune yakapusa bipolar kana BiCMOS maitiro uchishandisa echinyakare tekinoroji. Iyo yekupedzisira RF chip inogona kuunganidzwa pamwe mbozhanhare mbozha logic mabasa uchishandisa akawanda chip chip kurongedza tekinoroji (system chikamu chekupakata tekinoroji). Kunyangwe iyi tekinoroji ine zvakawanda zvakanaka, sekushandisa nzira dzinozivikanwa dzeRF dhizaini uye masisitimu akura uye matekinoroji, zvinonetsa kushambadzira nekuda kwemutengo wakakwira uye goho remidziyo yekuyedza.

Uye zvakare, kusangana kwefoni nharembozha system inogona zvakare kuwanikwa neepamberi BiCMOS (SiGe) yekucheka maitiro. Nekudaro, nekuti kugadziriswa kweSiGe HBT zvishandiso kunoda yekuwedzera lithography maitiro, yekupedzisira chip inoda imwe mari. Panguva imwecheteyo, nekuti SiGe BiCMOS tekinoroji haigone kushandisa yakanyatsoita lithography maitiro, maitiro eBiCMOS anowanzo sara kumashure kweiyo epamberi yedhijitari CMOS maitiro. Izvi zvinounza kumanikidza kukuru kuwedzera hunhu mbozhanhare uye kudzikisira mutengo. Iyo haigone kugadziriswa neyakareruka wafer maitiro maitiro, nekuti iyi tekinoroji haigone kuchengeta iyo system logic kana yedhijitari chikamu pamutengo wakaderera kwazvo nguva dzese. Naizvozvo, monolithic kusangana kweiyo system baseband basa RF chikamu muBiCMOS (kana SiGe) haisi sarudzo yakanaka.

Mhinduro yekupedzisira inogona kutariswa ndeyekubatanidzwa kweRF muCMOS, iyo inosanganawo nematambudziko akati wandei. Kunyangwe paine akati wandei CMOS maseru eRF dhizaini, aya magadzirirwo ari kunyanya akavakirwa pane analog mabasa. Izvo zvinonetsa kushandisa analogo masanganisi, mafirita nema amplifita ne CMOS tekinoroji, uye simba rekushandisa rinowanzo kuve rakakura kupfuura SiGe BiCMOS scheme. Nekuvandudzwa kweiyo tekinoroji, CMOS yakatarwa nhanho iri kudzikira uye kudzikira, izvo zvinoita kuti dhizaini yeanalogi iome zvakanyanya. Mune yekutanga nhanho yekuvandudza matsva maitiro, chishandiso modelling uye maitiro ekukura kazhinji hazvigone kusangana nezvinodiwa zvepamusoro-chaiyo paramende modelling inodiwa kune analog module dhizaini. Nekudaro, iyo ichangobva kugadzirwa yedhijitari CMOS RF yekuvakisa inoita monolithic CMOS kusangana kuve kunoyevedza.

Aya mhinduro anofambisawo semiconductor indasitiri sevagadziri vanotsvaga yakaderera-mutengo RF system chikamu chip mhinduro. Kunyangwe chirongwa chega chega chekubatanidza chine matambudziko, zviri zvechokwadi kushamisika kuti RF chikamu chemubatanidzwa chinogona kusvika pakakwirira kudaro. Kukunda matambudziko aya kunotora nhanho huru kumberi mukugadzirwa kwenharembozha uye kumisikidza nzira yekubatanidzwa kukuru munguva pfupi iri kutevera.

Mhedziso yeiri bepa

Pachine matambudziko mazhinji mukubatanidzwa kweRF. Midziyo yega yega yeRF yenharembozha yemazuva ano yakatarisana neyakaomarara mashandiro anoita. Izvo zvinoda kunzwisisika ndezve – 106dbm (106db pazasi 1 MW) kana yakakwira, uye iyo inoenderana nhanho ingori mashoma maamvvolts; Uye zvakare, kusarudzika, ndiko kuti, kugona kwekuramba kweiyo inobatsira chiteshi kune iri padhuze frequency band (inowanzozivikanwa sekuvharira), inofanirwa kunge iri muchidimbu che60dB; Uye zvakare, iyo system oscillator inodikanwa kuti ishande pasi pezasi kwazvo ruzha rwechikamu kudzivirira kupeta kwekuvharira simba kupinda mukati mekugamuchira bhendi. Kubatanidzwa kweRF kwakanyanya kuomarara nekuda kweiyo yakanyanya kukwirisa frequency uye inoda zvakanyanya kuita kwekuita.

Kugadzira akawanda frequency frequency anounza dambudziko rechokwadi kune iyo yese SOC frequency. Izvo zvinotarisirwa kudzikisa kufadza kunogadzirwa neiyo band chiratidzo kutapurirana. Izvo zvemukati wedhijitari RF kusangana zvakanyanya kupfuura kuisa akawanda maRF macomputer mune imwe chip. Iyo nyowani yekuvakwa kwehardware kugovana inodiwa.

Kune vagadziri vehurongwa, izvo zviripo zvirinyore, zvakabatanidzwa zvakanyanya uye zvinodhura-semiconductor zvishandiso zvinogona kudzora zvakanyanya magadzirirwo akaomarara. Panguva imwecheteyo, ivo vanogona kupfumisa hunhu hwemidziyo isina waya uye chengetedza saizi sisitimu, hupenyu hwebhatiri uye mutengo usingachinji. Idzi nyowani dzakabatanidzwa RF zvishandiso dzinogona zvakare kubvisa dzimwe gakava mune isina waya dhizaini uye chengetedza mainjiniya ‘nguva yakakosha.