Ukunciphisa inani lezinto kunye nokunciphisa indawo ibhodi yesekethe ngokudityaniswa kwe-RF engenazingcingo

Kwizixhobo zanamhlanje ezingenazingcingo, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sezinto kwibhodi yesekethe zizixhobo ze-analog RF. Ke ngoko, indlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa indawo yebhodi yesekethe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kukwenza ukudityaniswa okukhulu kwe-RF kunye nokuphuhla kwinqanaba lenkqubo. Eli phepha lazisa ubume bophuhliso lokudityaniswa kweRF, kwaye libeka phambili amanyathelo athile kunye nezisombululo kwezinye zezi ngxaki.

Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, imakethi yefowuni yeselfowuni ibilawulwa liqela elinye kunye neefowuni ezimbini zendlela enye, kwaye itekhnoloji esetyenzisiweyo yayiyiyo ??? Bamba ibhendi enye okanye ezimbini kwiselula yonke ??? Indlela efanayo yokumodareyitha, inkqubo yokufikelela yamajelo amaninzi kunye nomgaqo olandelwayo wamkelwe kwibhendi yokuhamba rhoqo. Ngokwahlukileyo, uyilo lwesizukulwane esitsha sanamhlanje sefowuni seselfowuni lunzima ngakumbi kwaye lunokubonelela ngeebhendi ezininzi kunye neemowudi ezininzi ??? Inenethiwekhi yendawo yeBluetooth, ukubekwa kweGPS kunye neminye imisebenzi, kunye nemisebenzi ye-UWB kunye nokufumana iTV iqale ukubonakala. Ukongeza, usetyenziso olufana nemidlalo, imifanekiso, iaudiyo kunye nevidiyo zixhaphake kakhulu kwiifowuni eziphathwayo.

Ifowuni engenazingcingo iya isiba sisixhobo esimbaxa esibizwa njengeziko lokuzonwabisa eligcinwe ngesandla. Imeko yophuhliso yayo iyaqhubeka nokuzisa imiceli mngeni ngakumbi kubayili. Nangona kuthelekiswa neefowuni eziphathwayo ezinelizwi kuphela, isizukulwane esitsha seefowuni eziphathwayo sonyuke kakhulu kulwenziwo lonxibelelwano, ekusetyenzisweni kwesicelo, kwinani lezinto ze-RF kunye nomthamo wememori odibeneyo, abasebenzisi basalindele ukuba iifowuni eziphathwayo zibe nevolumu encinci, imilo ehlengahlengisiweyo, ephantsi Ixabiso kunye nomboniso omkhulu wemibala, inokubonelela ngokulinda kunye nexesha lokuthetha elifana neefowuni zezwi zemveli. Ukugcina ubungakanani obukhoyo ngokubanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla, kodwa ukwenza umsebenzi ukwanda ngokubalaseleyo, ngelixa kugcinwa inkqubo iyonke ingongatshintshi, zonke ezi zinto zibangela iingxaki ezininzi kuyilo lwenkqubo.

Ngokucacileyo, ingxaki ibandakanya onke amalungu kuyo yonke inkqubo yoyilo, kunye nababoneleli balo lonke unxibelelwano olungenazingcingo kunye nomxholo wokuzonwabisa. Indawo enye esebenzayo ngokukodwa ekunciphiseni indawo yebhodi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla yinxalenye ye-RF yoyilo lwenkqubo engenazingcingo. Kungenxa yokuba kwifowuni yanamhlanje eqhelekileyo, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sezinto ebhodini zizinto ze-analog RF, ezidibanisa i-30-40% yendawo yonke yebhodi, njengeenkqubo zeBluetooth RF ezinje ngeGPS kunye neWLAN nazo yandisa iimfuno zendawo.

Isisombululo kukuqhuba ngokudityaniswa okukhulu kwe-RF kwaye ekugqibeleni sikhule sibe yinkqubo yenkqubo yokudityaniswa ngokupheleleyo. Abanye abayili bafaka isiguquli se-analog-to-digital kwi-eriyali ukunciphisa indawo yebhodi yesekethe efunekayo kwimisebenzi ye-RF. Xa itekhnoloji yokudibanisa i-semiconductor inokudibanisa imisebenzi emininzi kwisixhobo esinye, inani lezixhobo ezichaseneyo kunye nendawo yebhodi yesekethe esetyenziselwa ukulungiselela ezi zixhobo ziya kuncitshiswa ngokufanelekileyo. Njengoko ishishini lisiya kwinqanaba lokudityaniswa kwe-chip, abaqulunqi baya kuqhubeka nokufumana itekhnoloji entsha yokuhlangabezana nokuphikisana phakathi kobunzima obuphezulu beRF kunye nobomi bebhetri obude kwizixhobo ezincinci ezingenazingcingo.

Imeko yophuhliso lokudityaniswa kweRF

Uphuhliso olubalulekileyo lokudityaniswa kweRF lwavela malunga neminyaka emibini edlulileyo. Ngelo xesha, ukuphuhliswa kwetekhnoloji yeRF kunye nemodem yedijithali ye-baseband yenze ukuba kube lula ukubuyisela izixhobo ze-superheterodyne zeRF ngokufumana ngokuthe ngqo ukufunyanwa kweefowuni ngaphandle kweefowuni eziphathwayo. Izixhobo ze-Superheterodyne RF zisebenzisa abaxubeki be-multistage, amacebo okucoca kunye nee-oscillators (VCOs) ezininzi ezilawulwayo, ezisetyenziswe kakuhle iminyaka emininzi, kodwa ukudityaniswa kwezixhobo zeRF zokuguqula ngokuthe ngqo kunokunciphisa kakhulu inani lezinto ze-GSM RF. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, inkqubo esezantsi yebhendi ye-superheterodyne ye-RF ibandakanya i-PA, iswitshi ye-eriyali, i-LDO, umqondiso omncinci we-RF kunye ne-vctcxo, efuna malunga nezixhobo ezingama-200; Namhlanje, sinokuyila inkqubo yokuguqula amaza ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokusebenza kwebhendi ezine, ezidibanisa i-VCO, VCXO kunye ne-PLL loop filter, kodwa inani layo lezinto lingaphantsi kwama-50.

Umzekelo, i-transceiver trf6151 (Umzobo 1) weTexas Instruments ze-GSM ibandakanya isilawuli sevolthi ye-on-chip, i-VCO kunye ne-VCO ijelo, ulawulo lwamandla e-PA, ubhaqo lwe-PLL ye-loop ye-block blocker blocker, i-LNA ifumana inyathelo ngenyathelo lolawulo kunye ne-VCXO.

Abaqulunqi, ukudityaniswa okuqhubele phambili kunceda ukoyisa ezinye zeengxaki ezinkulu kwi-RF engenazingcingo, phakathi kwayo eyona isisiseko kukubonelela ngombane kunye nommiselo we-transceiver. Ngexesha lokufowuna, ivolthi yebhetri iya kutshintsha ngotshintsho lobushushu kunye nexesha. Ukongeza, ukudityaniswa kwengxolo evela kwi-TX VCO kunye ne-Rx VCO yamandla kuya kuchaphazela nokusebenza kwayo yonke le nkqubo. Ke ngoko, abayili bajongene nengxaki yendlela yokusombulula umlawuli webhodi yesekethe yeRF kunye nezinto ezinxulumene noko. Ukudibanisa ezi zixhobo kwi-RF transceiver kuthetha ukuba ekuphela kwecandelo langaphandle elifunekayo kukususa i-capacitor elula, edityaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kunikezelo lwamandla, olungaphelelanga nje ekuyileni lula uyilo, kodwa olugcina nendawo yebhodi yesekethe.

Omnye umceli mngeni kubayili beRF luluhlu lwe-VCO kunye nexesha lokutshixa. Kuzo zonke uyilo lwe-VCO yeanalog. Kuba kuhlala kuyimfuneko ukulungelelanisa ixesha lokutshixa kunye noluhlu lwe-tuning, isihluzo se-loop sihlala sibekwe ngaphandle kwe-chip. Ngamanye amaxesha, oku kungasonjululwa kulawulo lwesoftware yoluhlu lwe-VCO. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ibeka phambili iimfuno ezongezelelweyo zoncedo kuphuhliso ngokubanzi lwefowuni. Xa umsebenzi wasele wedijithali ubandakanyiwe kwi-VCO kwaye unokubonelela ngokulinganisa ngokwakho, uluhlu olwandisiweyo lwe-tuning lunokufunyanwa, kwaye isihluzi se-loop sinokufakwa kwi-chip. Ngokucacileyo, eli cebo linokwenza iinjineli zoyilo zenze lula umsebenzi wazo.

Ukufumana amandla ombane osasazekayo afunekayo kwinkqubo ye-GSM, abavelisi be-PA ngokubanzi babandakanya lo msebenzi kwimodyuli yesikhulisi samandla (PAM). Isilawuli samandla sihlala senziwe ukuya kuthi ga kumawaka amasango edijithali e-CMOS, enziwe kwi-chip ezimeleyo kwi-PAM. Eli nqaku liza kunyusa iindleko ze-PAM nge-US $ 0.30 ~ 0.40. Ukudibanisa lo msebenzi kwizixhobo zeRF kuya kwenza ukuba abavelisi beGaAs PAM bangathengi iisekethe zeCMOS zedijithali kwaye bazifake kwiPAM. Kwi-OEM evelisa amawaka emveliso qho ngenyanga, ukususa eli candelo lingafunekiyo kuya kunciphisa iindleko.

Enye indawo apho umanyano oluphambili lunokuzisa ukonga okukhulu yiVCXO. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, iimodyuli ze-vctcxo ezibizayo zazithengiwe kwaye zayilwa kwizixhobo ze-RF njengezinto ezahlukeneyo. Ke ngoko, ukubandakanya izinto eziqhelekileyo kwiimodyuli ze-vctcxo kwizixhobo ze-RF kunokunciphisa iindleko kunye neengxaki zoyilo ezinxulumene noko. Sebenzisa i-trf6151, kuphela yikristale enexabiso eliphantsi kunye ne-varactor efunekayo ukugqiba umsebenzi we-vctcxo.

Ngaphandle kolu dityaniso kunye nokwenza lula koyilo, iinjineli zoyilo zeRF kusajongana nokukhetha okunzima, enye yazo kukuziva ubukhali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kweRx. Kuyaziwa ukuba inkulu ngoku esetyenzisiweyo kuyilo lwesandisi-lizwi esisezantsi (i-LNA), isiseko sezandi zizonke. Injineli yoyilo kufuneka ichonge uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali olupheleleyo lomamkeli kunye neemfuno zenqanaba lobuntununtunu lomamkeli. Nangona kunjalo, ingxolo ayinciphi xa kuncitshiswa amandla. Ngapha koko, kuchasene. Ke ngoko, nangona inokuthi ihlangabezane nenkcazo esemgangathweni ye-GSM, abaqulunqi kufuneka bazibuze ukuba kufanelekile na ukuhlawula ixabiso kusetyenziso lwamandla ukufezekisa inqanaba elithile lobuntununtunu. Lo mbuzo ukwacacisa ukuba kutheni kubalulekile ukuba iinjineli zoyilo kunye nabavelisi be-IC basebenzisane ngokusondeleyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yoyilo. Ingxelo evela kwiinjineli zoyilo inokukhokela abavelisi be-IC ukuba basebenze ngcono kushishino olungenazingcingo xa bephuhlisa iimveliso zeRF ezizayo.

Ukuphuhlisa ngokubhekisele kwi-SOC

Ukunciphisa iindleko, amandla kunye nokuntsonkotha kweenkqubo ezingenazingcingo kubaluleke kakhulu ukufezekisa ngempumelelo iimfuno zomdibaniso wenkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphuculwa kwezisombululo zokudityaniswa okuphezulu kweefowuni eziphathwayo kufuna ukuba imboni yesemiconductor yoyise izithintelo ezinzima zobuchwephesha. Eminye yale miqobo kunqabile ukuba ichaphazeleke ngabaqulunqi, kuba uninzi lwayo alufuni ukwazi ukuba zenziwa njani izixhobo ze-SOC, Logama nje inokubonelela ngokusebenza okufunekayo. Ke ngoko, kufuneka ube nokuqonda okukhawulezileyo kweenkqubo ezithile zetekhnoloji, eya kuthi ichaphazele ukubanakho kunye nokufumaneka kwezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukudityaniswa kweeselfowuni.

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezinokubakho zokudityaniswa kweselfowuni inkqubo ye-elektroniki yefowuni. Okokuqala, uyilo lwesiko lwe-RF lunokuphunyezwa kwinkqubo elula ye-bipolar okanye ye-BiCMOS kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji yendabuko. I-chip ye-RF yokugqibela inokudityaniswa kunye nemisebenzi yefowuni yedijithali yokufaka ulwazi kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-chip chip (inkqubo yenqanaba lokupakisha itekhnoloji). Nangona obu buchwephesha bunezinto ezininzi ezilungileyo, njengokusebenzisa iindlela eziqhelekileyo zoyilo lwe-RF kunye neenkqubo zokuvuthwa kunye neetekhnoloji, kunzima ukuzithengisa ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo zovavanyo.

Ukongeza, ukudityaniswa kwesistim yefowuni ephathekayo inokufumaneka ngenkqubo ye-BiCMOS (SiGe) ehambileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba ukwenziwa kwezixhobo ze-SiGe HBT kufuna inkqubo eyongezelelweyo ye-lithography, i-chip yokugqibela iya kufuna iindleko ezongezelelweyo. Kwangelo xesha, ngenxa yokuba itekhnoloji ye-SiGe BiCMOS ayinakho ukusebenzisa eyona nkqubo iphambili ye-lithography, inkqubo ye-BiCMOS ihlala isalela emva kwenkqubo ye-digital ye-CMOS. Oku kuyakuzisa uxinzelelo olukhulu ukonyusa iimpawu zeefowuni eziphathwayo kunye nokunciphisa iindleko. Ayinakusombululwa ngesicwangciso esilula senkqubo yokutya, kuba obu buchwephesha abunakugcina inkqubo yenkqubo okanye icandelo ledijithali ngexabiso eliphantsi kunokubakho ngalo lonke ixesha. Ke ngoko, ukudityaniswa kwe-monolithic yenkqubo ye-baseband ye-RF kwinxalenye ye-BiCMOS (okanye i-SiGe) ayisiyonto ilungileyo.

Isisombululo sokugqibela esinokuqwalaselwa kukudityaniswa kweRF kwiCMOS, ejongene nemiceli mngeni. Nangona kukho uyilo oluninzi lweeselfowuni ze-CMOS, ezi zoyilo ikakhulu zisekwe kwimisebenzi ye-analog. Kunzima ukuphumeza abaxube be-analog, iifilitha kunye nezikhulisi ngetekhnoloji ye-CMOS, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokubanzi kukhulu kunesikimu seSiGe BiCMOS. Ngophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yenkqubo, inqanaba lokulinganiswa kweCMOS liyehla kwaye lisezantsi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba uyilo lwe-analogu lube nzima ngakumbi. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lokuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezintsha, ukumodareyitha isixhobo kunye nokukhula kwenkqubo ngokubanzi akunakho ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokumodareyitha okuphezulu kweparameter efunekayo kuyilo lwemodyuli ye-analog. Nangona kunjalo, uyilo lwamva nje lwedijithali lwe-CMOS RF lwenza ukuba ukudityaniswa kwe-monolithic CMOS kube nomtsalane ngakumbi.

Ezi zisombululo ziqhuba umzi mveliso we-semiconductor njengoko abavelisi befuna ixabiso lesisombululo se-RF esinexabiso eliphantsi. Nangona isikimu ngasinye sokudibanisa sinobunzima, kuyamangalisa ngokwenene ukuba ukudityaniswa kwecandelo le-RF kunokufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Ukoyisa obu bunzima kuya kuthatha inyathelo elikhulu lokuya phambili kuyilo lweefowuni eziphathwayo ezingenazingcingo kunye nokuseta umkhombandlela wokudityaniswa okukhulu kungekudala.

Ukuqukunjelwa kweli phepha

Kusekho ubunzima obuninzi kumdibaniso weRF. Zonke izixhobo ze-RF zefowuni yanamhlanje zijamelana neemfuno zokusebenza ezingqongqo. Imfuno yobuntununtunu imalunga ne-106dbm (106db ngezantsi kwe-1 MW) okanye ngaphezulu, kwaye inqanaba elihambelanayo zii-microvolts ezimbalwa kuphela; Ukongeza, ukukhetha, oko kukuthi, ukukhatywa kwesitayile esisebenzisekayo kwibhendi yamaxesha asondeleyo (eyaziwa ngokuba ibhloka), kufanele ukuba ibe kwi-60dB; Ukongeza, inkqubo ye-oscillator iyacelwa ukuba isebenze phantsi kwengxolo yesigaba esiphantsi kakhulu ukunqanda ukusonga amandla okuthintela ukungena kwebhendi yokufumana. Ukuhlanganiswa kweRF kunzima kakhulu ngenxa yokuhamba rhoqo kunye neemfuno zomsebenzi ezifuneka kakhulu.

Ukuqhubekeka kwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo lokuhamba rhoqo kuzisa umceli mngeni wokwenyani kuyo yonke i-SOC frequency. Kuyathenjwa ukunciphisa ukucaphukisa okuveliswe kukudluliselwa kwesiginali yebhendi. Umxholo wokudityaniswa kwe-RF yedijithali ungaphezulu kokubeka izinto ezininzi ze-RF kwichip enye. Uyilo olutsha lokwabelana ngehardware luyafuneka.

Kubaqulunqi benkqubo, izixhobo zangoku ezilula, ezidityanisiweyo kunye nezineendleko ezifanelekileyo zinokunciphisa kakhulu ubunzima bokuyila. Kwangelo xesha, banokuthi batyebise iimpawu zezixhobo ezingenazingcingo kwaye bagcine ubungakanani benkqubo, ubomi bebhetri kunye neendleko ezingatshintshanga. Izixhobo ezitsha ezidityanisiweyo zeRF nazo zinokuphelisa ukungavisisani kuyilo olungenazingcingo kunye nokugcina ixesha elibalulekileyo leenjineli.