印刷電路板 (PCBS) are boards used as substrates in most electronic devices – both as physical supports and as wiring areas for surface mount and socket assemblies. PCBS are usually made of fiberglass, composite epoxy resin, or other composite materials.

PCB類型介紹

Most PCBS for simple electronic devices are simple and consist of only a single layer. 更複雜的硬件，如計算機圖形卡或主板，可以有多層，有時多達 12 層。

Although PCBS are usually associated with computers, they can be found in many other electronic devices, such as televisions, radios, digital cameras and cell phones. 除了用於消費電子產品和計算機之外，不同類型的 PCBS 還用於各種其他領域，包括：

• Medical equipment. 與以前的產品相比，現在的電子產品密度更高，功耗更低，因此可以測試新的和令人興奮的醫療技術。 Most medical devices use high-density PCBS for creating the smallest and most dense designs. 由於需要小尺寸和輕重量，這有助於減輕開髮用於醫療領域的設備所涉及的一些獨特限制。 PCBS 已經進入了從小型設備（如心臟起搏器）到大型設備（如 X 射線設備或 CAT 掃描儀）的所有領域。

• Industrial machinery. PCBS 常用於大功率工業機械。 Thick copper PCBS can be used where current one-ounce copper PCBS do not meet requirements. 較厚的銅 PCBS 在包括電機控制器、大電流電池充電器和工業負載測試儀在內的情況下是有益的。

• lighting. Because LED-based lighting solutions are popular because of their low power consumption and high efficiency, so are the aluminum backplane PCBS used to make them. 這些 PCBS 用作散熱器並允許比標準 PCBS 更高水平的熱傳遞。 These same aluminum backboard PCBS form the basis of high lumen LED applications and basic lighting solutions.

• Automotive and aerospace industries. The automotive and aerospace industries use flexible PCBS designed to withstand the high vibration environments common in both fields. 根據規格和設計的不同，它們也可以非常輕巧，這對於製造運輸行業的零件來說是必不可少的。 They can also fit into tight Spaces that may exist in these applications, such as inside the dashboard or behind the instruments on the dashboard.

PCB板的種類很多，每一種都有自己獨特的製造規格、材料類型和用途：單層PCB、雙層PCB、多層PCB、剛性PCB、柔性PCB、剛柔性PCB、高頻PCB、鋁背印刷電路板。

單層PCB

單面或單面 PCB 是由單個基板製成的 PCB 或基板。 One side of the substrate is coated with a thin metal layer. Copper is the most common coating because of its good electrical conductivity. Once a copper-based coating is applied, a protective welding mask is usually used, followed by the use of all elements on the last screen printing plate.

PCB類型介紹

Single-layer/single-side PCBS are easy to design and manufacture because they weld the various circuits and components on only one side. This ubiquity means they can be purchased at low cost, especially for high-volume orders. 低成本、高容量型號意味著它們通常用於各種應用，包括計算器、照相機、收音機和立體聲設備、固態驅動器、打印機和電源。

Double-layer printed circuit board

The substrate material for a double – or double-sided printed circuit board has a thin layer of conductive metal, such as copper, applied to both sides of the board. 穿過電路板鑽出的孔允許電路板一側的電路連接到另一側的電路。

PCB類型介紹

Components of a circuit and a double-layer PCB board are usually connected in one of two ways: using a through-hole or using a surface mount. A through-hole connection means that small wires called leads are fed through the hole, with each end of the leads welded to the right-hand component.

表面貼裝 PCBS 不能使用電線作為連接器。 Instead, many of the small leads are welded directly to the board, meaning that the board itself is used as a wiring surface for the different components. 這使得電路可以用更少的空間完成，釋放空間使板能夠執行更多的功能，通常比通孔板允許的速度更快，重量更輕。

Double side PCBS are commonly used in applications that require intermediate levels of circuit complexity, such as industrial controls, power supplies, instrumentation, HVAC systems, LED lighting, car dashboards, amplifiers, and vending machines.

多層PCB

Multi-layer PCB consists of a series of three or more layers of double-layer PCBS. These plates are then held together with special glue and clamped between the insulation pieces to ensure that excess heat does not melt any of the components. Multi-layer PCBS come in a variety of sizes, as small as four layers or as large as ten or twelve. The largest multilayer PCB ever built is 50 layers thick.

PCB類型介紹

For multilayer printed circuit boards, designers can produce very thick, complex designs suitable for a variety of complex electrical tasks. Beneficial applications for multilayer PCBS include file servers, data storage, GPS technology, satellite systems, weather analysis and medical devices.

硬質PCB

Rigid printed circuit boards are printed circuit boards made of a strong substrate material that prevents the board from twisting. Probably the most common example of a rigid PCB is a computer motherboard. The motherboard is a multi-layer PCB designed to distribute power from the power supply while allowing all parts of the computer to communicate with each other, such as the CPU, GPU and RAM.

Rigid PCB composition is perhaps the largest number of PCBS manufactured. These PCBS can be used anywhere the PCB itself needs to be set to a shape and remain so for the rest of the life of the device. 剛性PCBS可以是簡單的單層PCBS，也可以是8層或10層PCBS。

PCB類型介紹

All rigid PCBS have single, double, or multilayer structures, so they share the same application.

柔性PCB

與使用玻璃纖維等不粘材料的剛性 PCBS 不同，柔性 PCBS 由可彎曲和移動的材料製成，例如塑料。 Similar to rigid PCBS, flexible PCBS come in single, double, or multi-layer formats. Because they need to be printed on flexible materials, they tend to be more expensive to manufacture.

PCB類型介紹

儘管如此，柔性 PCBS 與剛性 PCBS 相比具有許多優勢。 The most striking of these advantages is their flexibility. 這意味著它們可以圍繞邊緣折疊並纏繞在角落周圍。 Their flexibility saves on cost and weight by using a single flexible PCB to cover areas that might need multiple rigid PCBS.

柔性 PCBS 也可用於可能受多個剛性 PCBS 影響的區域。 Environmental hazards. 為此，它們僅由防水、防震、耐腐蝕或耐高溫油的材料製成——這是傳統剛性 PCBS 可能沒有的選擇。

柔性剛性PCB

When it comes to the two most important overall PCBS, flexible rigid PCBS combine the best of both. The flexible rigid board is composed of multiple flexible PCB layers attached to multiple rigid PCB layers.

與僅在某些應用中使用剛性或柔性 PCBS 相比，柔性剛性 PCBS 具有許多優勢。 例如，剛性-柔性板的零件數量少於傳統的剛性或柔性板，因為兩者的接線選項可以組合到一個板中。 Combining rigid and flexible boards into a single rigid-flexible board also allows for a more streamlined design that reduces overall board size and package weight.

PCB類型介紹

柔性剛性 PCBS 最常見於空間或重量最受關注的應用中，包括手機、數碼相機、心臟起搏器和汽車。

High-frequency PCB

Hf PCBS 指的是通用 PCB 設計元素，而不是之前模型中的 PCB 結構。 Hf PCBS are circuit boards designed to transmit signals in excess of 1 gigahertz.

PCB類型介紹

Hf PCB materials typically include FR4 grade glass fiber reinforced epoxy laminate, polyphenylene ether (PPO) resin and teflon. Teflon is one of the most expensive options because of its small and stable dielectric constant, small dielectric loss and overall low water absorption.

Many aspects of the PCB board and its corresponding type of PCB connector need to be considered when selecting high frequency, including dielectric constant (DK), dissipation, loss, and dielectric thickness.

其中最重要的是相關材料的 Dk。 具有高介電常數變化概率的材料通常會產生阻抗變化，從而破壞構成數字信號的諧波並導致數字信號完整性的整體損失——這是 hf PCBS 旨在防止的一個因素。

Other considerations when choosing the type of circuit board and PC connector to use when designing hf PCBS include:

• Dielectric loss (DF), which affects the quality of signal transmission. Small dielectric loss may result in a small amount of signal waste.

• Thermal expansion. 如果用於構建 PCB 的材料（例如銅箔）具有不同的熱膨脹率，則這些材料可能會因溫度變化而彼此分離。

• Water absorption. High water intake can affect the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of a PCB, especially when used in wet environments.

• Other resistors. Materials used to construct HF PCBS shall be rated as required for heat resistance, impact resistance and hazardous chemicals.

Aluminum backing PCB

The design of an aluminum backed PCB is roughly the same as that of a copper backed PCB. 然而，鋁背板 PCBS 使用鋁或銅基板，而不是使用大多數 PCB 板類型中常見的玻璃纖維。

PCB類型介紹

The aluminum backing is lined with insulation and is designed to have low thermal resistance, meaning less heat is transferred from the insulation to the backing. Once insulation is applied, layers of copper circuit from 1 ounce to 10 inches thick are applied.

Aluminum backed PCBS have a number of advantages over fiberglass backed PCBS, including:

• Low cost. Aluminum is one of the most abundant metals on Earth, accounting for 8.23% of the earth’s weight. 開採鋁既簡單又便宜，這有助於降低製造過程中的成本。 因此，用鋁製造產品更便宜。

• 環境保護。 鋁無毒且易於回收。 用鋁製造印刷電路板也是一種節能的好方法，因為它易於組裝。

• heat dissipation. 鋁是最好的材料之一，可用於散發電路板關鍵部件的熱量。 It does not radiate heat to the rest of the plate, but to the open air. 鋁製 PCBS 比相同尺寸的銅製 PCBS 冷卻得更快。

• 材料耐用性。 鋁比玻璃纖維或陶瓷等材料更耐用，尤其適合跌落測試。 使用更堅固的基材有助於減少製造、運輸和安裝過程中的損壞。

所有這些優點使鋁製 PCBS 成為需要在非常嚴格的公差內提供高輸出功率的應用的絕佳選擇，包括交通前燈、汽車照明、電源、電機控制器和高電流電路。

除了主要使用領域外，鋁背板 PCBS 還可用於需要高度機械穩定性或 PCB 可承受高水平機械應力的地方。 They are less susceptible to thermal expansion than fiberglass panels, which means that other materials on the board, such as copper foil and insulation, are less likely to peel off, further extending the life of the product.

多年來，PCBS 已經從簡單的單層 PCBS（例如電子設備的計算器）發展為更複雜的系統（例如高頻 Teflon 設計）。 PCBS 已進入地球上幾乎所有行業，從簡單的電子產品（如照明解決方案）一直到更複雜的行業（如醫療或航空航天技術）。

PCBS的發展也帶動了PCB建築材料的發展：不再只是由玻璃纖維背襯的銅箔製成的PCBS。 新的建築材料包括鋁、特氟龍甚至可彎曲塑料。 可彎曲塑料和鋁尤其促進了剛性-柔性和鋁背 PCBS 等產品的創造，以解決與許多行業相關的常見問題。