Bwrdd cylched printiedig (PCBS) are boards used as substrates in most electronic devices – both as physical supports and as wiring areas for surface mount and socket assemblies. PCBS are usually made of fiberglass, composite epoxy resin, or other composite materials.

Cyflwyniad math PCB

Most PCBS for simple electronic devices are simple and consist of only a single layer. Gall caledwedd mwy cymhleth fel cardiau graffeg cyfrifiadurol neu famfyrddau fod â sawl haen, weithiau cymaint â 12.

Although PCBS are usually associated with computers, they can be found in many other electronic devices, such as televisions, radios, digital cameras and cell phones. Yn ogystal â chael eu defnyddio mewn electroneg defnyddwyr a chyfrifiaduron, defnyddir gwahanol fathau o PCBS mewn amrywiaeth o feysydd eraill, gan gynnwys:

• Medical equipment. Mae electroneg bellach yn fwy trwchus ac yn defnyddio llai o bwer na chynhyrchion blaenorol, felly gellir profi technolegau meddygol newydd a chyffrous. Most medical devices use high-density PCBS for creating the smallest and most dense designs. Mae hyn yn helpu i leddfu rhai o’r cyfyngiadau unigryw sy’n gysylltiedig â datblygu dyfeisiau i’w defnyddio yn y maes meddygol oherwydd yr angen am faint bach a phwysau ysgafn. Mae PCBS wedi symud ymlaen i bopeth o ddyfeisiau bach (fel rheolyddion calon) i rai mawr (fel offer pelydr-X neu sganwyr CAT).

• Industrial machinery. Defnyddir PCBS yn gyffredin mewn peiriannau diwydiannol pŵer uchel. Thick copper PCBS can be used where current one-ounce copper PCBS do not meet requirements. Mae PCBS copr mwy trwchus yn fuddiol mewn achosion gan gynnwys rheolyddion modur, gwefryddion batri cyfredol uchel a phrofwyr llwyth diwydiannol.

• lighting. Because LED-based lighting solutions are popular because of their low power consumption and high efficiency, so are the aluminum backplane PCBS used to make them. Mae’r PCBS hyn yn gweithredu fel rheiddiaduron ac yn caniatáu ar gyfer lefelau uwch o drosglwyddo gwres na PCBS safonol. These same aluminum backboard PCBS form the basis of high lumen LED applications and basic lighting solutions.

• Automotive and aerospace industries. The automotive and aerospace industries use flexible PCBS designed to withstand the high vibration environments common in both fields. Yn dibynnu ar y fanyleb a’r dyluniad, gallant hefyd fod yn ysgafn iawn, sy’n angenrheidiol ar gyfer gweithgynhyrchu rhannau yn y diwydiant cludo. They can also fit into tight Spaces that may exist in these applications, such as inside the dashboard or behind the instruments on the dashboard.

Mae yna lawer o fathau o fyrddau PCB, pob un â’i fanylebau gweithgynhyrchu unigryw ei hun, mathau a defnyddiau deunydd: PCB haen sengl, PCB haen ddwbl, PCB aml-haen, PCB anhyblyg, PCB hyblyg, PCB hyblyg anhyblyg, PCB amledd uchel, alwminiwm yn ôl. PCB.

PCB haen sengl

PCB neu swbstrad wedi’i wneud o is-haen sengl yw PCB sengl neu un ochr. One side of the substrate is coated with a thin metal layer. Copper is the most common coating because of its good electrical conductivity. Once a copper-based coating is applied, a protective welding mask is usually used, followed by the use of all elements on the last screen printing plate.

Cyflwyniad math PCB

Single-layer/single-side PCBS are easy to design and manufacture because they weld the various circuits and components on only one side. This ubiquity means they can be purchased at low cost, especially for high-volume orders. Mae modelau cost isel, gallu uchel yn golygu eu bod yn cael eu defnyddio’n gyffredin mewn amrywiaeth o gymwysiadau, gan gynnwys cyfrifianellau, camerâu, radios ac offer stereo, gyriannau cyflwr solid, argraffwyr a chyflenwadau pŵer.

Double-layer printed circuit board

The substrate material for a double – or double-sided printed circuit board has a thin layer of conductive metal, such as copper, applied to both sides of the board. Mae tyllau sy’n cael eu drilio trwy’r bwrdd yn caniatáu i gylchedau ar un ochr i’r bwrdd gysylltu â chylchedau ar yr ochr arall.

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Components of a circuit and a double-layer PCB board are usually connected in one of two ways: using a through-hole or using a surface mount. A through-hole connection means that small wires called leads are fed through the hole, with each end of the leads welded to the right-hand component.

Ni all PCBS mowntio wyneb ddefnyddio gwifrau fel cysylltwyr. Instead, many of the small leads are welded directly to the board, meaning that the board itself is used as a wiring surface for the different components. Mae hyn yn caniatáu i’r cylched gael ei chwblhau gyda llai o le, gan ryddhau lle i alluogi’r bwrdd i gyflawni mwy o swyddogaethau, yn aml yn gyflymach ac yn pwyso llai na’r hyn y byddai’r bwrdd trwy dwll yn ei ganiatáu.

Double side PCBS are commonly used in applications that require intermediate levels of circuit complexity, such as industrial controls, power supplies, instrumentation, HVAC systems, LED lighting, car dashboards, amplifiers, and vending machines.

PCB Multilayer

Multi-layer PCB consists of a series of three or more layers of double-layer PCBS. These plates are then held together with special glue and clamped between the insulation pieces to ensure that excess heat does not melt any of the components. Multi-layer PCBS come in a variety of sizes, as small as four layers or as large as ten or twelve. The largest multilayer PCB ever built is 50 layers thick.

Cyflwyniad math PCB

For multilayer printed circuit boards, designers can produce very thick, complex designs suitable for a variety of complex electrical tasks. Beneficial applications for multilayer PCBS include file servers, data storage, GPS technology, satellite systems, weather analysis and medical devices.

PCB anhyblyg

Rigid printed circuit boards are printed circuit boards made of a strong substrate material that prevents the board from twisting. Probably the most common example of a rigid PCB is a computer motherboard. The motherboard is a multi-layer PCB designed to distribute power from the power supply while allowing all parts of the computer to communicate with each other, such as the CPU, GPU and RAM.

Rigid PCB composition is perhaps the largest number of PCBS manufactured. These PCBS can be used anywhere the PCB itself needs to be set to a shape and remain so for the rest of the life of the device. Gall PCBS anhyblyg fod yn PCBS un haen syml, neu PCBS 8-haen neu 10-haen.

Cyflwyniad math PCB

All rigid PCBS have single, double, or multilayer structures, so they share the same application.

PCB hyblyg

Yn wahanol i PCBS anhyblyg, sy’n defnyddio deunyddiau nad ydynt yn glynu fel ffibr gwydr, mae PCBS hyblyg wedi’u gwneud o ddeunyddiau y gellir eu plygu a’u symud, fel plastig. Similar to rigid PCBS, flexible PCBS come in single, double, or multi-layer formats. Because they need to be printed on flexible materials, they tend to be more expensive to manufacture.

Cyflwyniad math PCB

Yn dal i fod, mae PCBS hyblyg yn cynnig llawer o fanteision dros PCBS anhyblyg. The most striking of these advantages is their flexibility. Mae hyn yn golygu y gellir eu plygu o amgylch yr ymylon a’u clwyfo o amgylch y corneli. Their flexibility saves on cost and weight by using a single flexible PCB to cover areas that might need multiple rigid PCBS.

Gellir defnyddio PCBS hyblyg hefyd mewn ardaloedd a allai gael eu heffeithio gan PCBS anhyblyg lluosog. Environmental hazards. I’r perwyl hwn, fe’u gweithgynhyrchir yn unig o ddeunyddiau a allai fod yn ddiddos, yn gwrthsefyll sioc, yn gwrthsefyll cyrydiad neu’n olew tymheredd uchel – opsiwn nad oes gan PCBS anhyblyg traddodiadol o bosibl.

PCB anhyblyg hyblyg

When it comes to the two most important overall PCBS, flexible rigid PCBS combine the best of both. The flexible rigid board is composed of multiple flexible PCB layers attached to multiple rigid PCB layers.

Mae gan PCBS anhyblyg hyblyg lawer o fanteision dros ddefnyddio PCBS anhyblyg neu hyblyg yn unig mewn rhai cymwysiadau. Er enghraifft, mae gan blatiau anhyblyg-hyblyg nifer llai o rannau na phlatiau anhyblyg neu hyblyg traddodiadol oherwydd gellir cyfuno’r opsiynau gwifrau ar gyfer y ddau yn un plât. Combining rigid and flexible boards into a single rigid-flexible board also allows for a more streamlined design that reduces overall board size and package weight.

Cyflwyniad math PCB

Mae PCBS anhyblyg hyblyg i’w gael amlaf mewn cymwysiadau lle mae gofod neu bwysau yn peri’r pryder mwyaf, gan gynnwys ffonau symudol, camerâu digidol, rheolyddion calon a cheir.

High-frequency PCB

Mae Hf PCBS yn cyfeirio at elfennau dylunio PCB cyffredinol yn hytrach nag adeiladu PCB fel mewn modelau blaenorol. Hf PCBS are circuit boards designed to transmit signals in excess of 1 gigahertz.

Cyflwyniad math PCB

Hf PCB materials typically include FR4 grade glass fiber reinforced epoxy laminate, polyphenylene ether (PPO) resin and teflon. Teflon is one of the most expensive options because of its small and stable dielectric constant, small dielectric loss and overall low water absorption.

Many aspects of the PCB board and its corresponding type of PCB connector need to be considered when selecting high frequency, including dielectric constant (DK), dissipation, loss, and dielectric thickness.

Y pwysicaf o’r rhain yw Dk y deunydd dan sylw. Mae deunyddiau sydd â thebygolrwydd uchel o newid cyson dielectrig yn aml yn cynhyrchu newidiadau rhwystriant sy’n tarfu ar y harmonigau sy’n ffurfio’r signal digidol ac yn arwain at golli cyfanrwydd signal digidol yn gyffredinol – ffactor y mae hf PCBS wedi’i gynllunio i’w atal.

Other considerations when choosing the type of circuit board and PC connector to use when designing hf PCBS include:

• Dielectric loss (DF), which affects the quality of signal transmission. Small dielectric loss may result in a small amount of signal waste.

• Thermal expansion. Os oes gan y deunyddiau a ddefnyddir i adeiladu’r PCB, fel ffoil copr, gyfraddau ehangu thermol gwahanol, gall y deunyddiau wahanu oddi wrth ei gilydd oherwydd newidiadau tymheredd.

• Water absorption. High water intake can affect the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of a PCB, especially when used in wet environments.

• Other resistors. Materials used to construct HF PCBS shall be rated as required for heat resistance, impact resistance and hazardous chemicals.

Aluminum backing PCB

The design of an aluminum backed PCB is roughly the same as that of a copper backed PCB. Fodd bynnag, yn lle defnyddio gwydr ffibr, sy’n gyffredin yn y mwyafrif o fathau o fwrdd PCB, mae PCBS backplane alwminiwm yn defnyddio swbstradau alwminiwm neu gopr.

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The aluminum backing is lined with insulation and is designed to have low thermal resistance, meaning less heat is transferred from the insulation to the backing. Once insulation is applied, layers of copper circuit from 1 ounce to 10 inches thick are applied.

Aluminum backed PCBS have a number of advantages over fiberglass backed PCBS, including:

• Low cost. Aluminum is one of the most abundant metals on Earth, accounting for 8.23% of the earth’s weight. Mae mwyngloddio alwminiwm yn hawdd ac yn rhad, sy’n helpu i leihau costau yn y broses weithgynhyrchu. O ganlyniad, mae’n rhatach gwneud cynhyrchion allan o alwminiwm.

• diogelu’r amgylchedd. Mae alwminiwm yn wenwynig ac yn hawdd i’w ailgylchu. Mae gwneud byrddau cylched printiedig o alwminiwm hefyd yn ffordd dda o arbed ynni oherwydd ei bod yn hawdd ymgynnull.

• heat dissipation. Alwminiwm yw un o’r deunyddiau gorau y gellir eu defnyddio i afradu gwres o gydrannau allweddol bwrdd cylched. It does not radiate heat to the rest of the plate, but to the open air. Mae PCBS alwminiwm yn oeri yn gyflymach na PCBS copr o’r un maint.

• Gwydnwch materol. Mae alwminiwm yn fwy gwydn na deunyddiau fel gwydr ffibr neu serameg ac mae’n arbennig o dda ar gyfer profion gollwng. Mae defnyddio swbstradau cryfach yn helpu i leihau difrod wrth weithgynhyrchu, cludo a gosod.

Mae’r holl fanteision hyn yn gwneud PCBS alwminiwm yn ddewis rhagorol ar gyfer cymwysiadau sydd angen pŵer allbwn uchel o fewn goddefiannau tynn iawn, gan gynnwys prif oleuadau traffig, goleuadau modurol, cyflenwadau pŵer, rheolyddion modur a chylchedau cerrynt uchel.

Yn ychwanegol at eu prif feysydd defnydd, gellir defnyddio PCBS gyda chefnogaeth alwminiwm hefyd lle mae angen lefel uchel o sefydlogrwydd mecanyddol neu lle gall y PCB wrthsefyll lefelau uchel o straen mecanyddol. They are less susceptible to thermal expansion than fiberglass panels, which means that other materials on the board, such as copper foil and insulation, are less likely to peel off, further extending the life of the product.

Dros y blynyddoedd, mae PCBS wedi esblygu o PCBS un haen syml fel cyfrifianellau ar gyfer dyfeisiau electronig i systemau mwy cymhleth fel dyluniadau Teflon amledd uchel. Mae PCBS wedi canfod eu ffordd i mewn i bron pob diwydiant ar y ddaear, o electroneg syml fel datrysiadau goleuo’r holl ffordd i ddiwydiannau mwy cymhleth fel technoleg feddygol neu awyrofod.

Mae datblygiad PCBS hefyd wedi arwain at ddatblygu deunyddiau adeiladu PCB: nid dim ond PCBS bellach wedi’i wneud o ffoil copr gyda gwydr ffibr yn gefn iddo. Mae deunyddiau adeiladu newydd yn cynnwys alwminiwm, teflon a phlastigau plygadwy hyd yn oed. Mae plastigau plygadwy ac alwminiwm yn benodol wedi hwyluso creu cynhyrchion fel PCBS anhyblyg-hyblyg ac wedi’i gefnogi gan alwminiwm i ddatrys problemau cyffredin sy’n gysylltiedig â llawer o ddiwydiannau.