信號完整性PCB如何設計?

隨著集成電路輸出開關速度的提高和 PCB板 density, Signal Integrity has become one of the issues that must be concerned in high-speed digital PCB design. The parameters of components and PCB board, the layout of components on PCB board, the wiring of high-speed Signal line and other factors, Can cause problems with signal integrity.

For PCB layouts, signal integrity requires a board layout that does not affect signal timing or voltage, while for circuit wiring, signal integrity requires termination elements, layout strategies, and wiring information. PCB 上的高信號速度、末端元件的錯誤放置或高速信號的錯誤接線都會導致信號完整性問題,這可能會導致系統輸出錯誤數據、電路無法正常工作或根本無法工作。 如何在PCB設計中充分考慮信號完整性並採取有效的控制措施已成為PCB設計行業的熱門話題。

印刷電路板

Signal integrity Problem Good signal integrity means that the signal can respond with the correct timing and voltage level values when required. 相反,當信號沒有正確響應時,則存在信號完整性問題。 信號完整性問題會導致或直接導致信號失真、時序錯誤、不正確的數據、地址和控制線以及系統誤操作,甚至系統崩潰。 在PCB設計實踐的過程中,人們積累了很多PCB設計規則。 在PCB設計中,仔細參考這些設計規則,可以更好地實現PCB的信號完整性。

When designing PCB, we should first understand the design information of the whole circuit board, which mainly includes:

1. The number of devices, device size, device package, chip rate, whether PCB is divided into low speed, medium speed and high speed area, which is the interface input and output area;

2. The overall layout requirements, device layout location, whether there is a high power device, chip device heat dissipation special requirements;

3、信號線類型、速度和傳輸方向、信號線阻抗控制要求、總線速度方向和行駛情況、關鍵信號和保護措施;

4、電源類型、接地類型、電源和地的噪聲容限要求、電源和地平面的設置和分割;

5、時鐘線的類型和速率,時鐘線的來源和方向,時鐘延遲要求,最長線要求。

PCB分層設計

在了解電路板的基本信息後,需要權衡電路板成本和信號完整性的設計要求,選擇合理的佈線層數。 At present, the circuit board has gradually developed from single layer, double layer and four layer to more multi-layer circuit board. Multi-layer PCB design can improve the reference surface of signal routing and provide backflow path for signal, which is the main measure to achieve good signal integrity. When designing PCB layering, follow the following rules:

1. 參考平面最好是地平面。 電源和地平面都可以作為參考平面,都具有一定的屏蔽功能。 但是,電源平面的屏蔽效果遠低於接地平面,因為它的特性阻抗更高,電源平面與參考地電平之間的電位差更大。

2. Digital circuit and analog circuit are layered. 在設計成本允許的情況下,最好在不同的層上佈置數字和模擬電路。 If must want to arrange in same wiring layer, can use ditch, add earthing line, the method such as dividing line to remedy. 模擬和數字電源和地必須分開,切勿混用。

3、相鄰層關鍵信號走線不跨越分割區。 信號會在整個區域形成一個大的信號環路,並產生強烈的輻射。 If the signal cable must cross the area when the ground cable is divided, a single point can be connected between the ground to form a connection bridge between the two ground points, and then the cable can be routed through the connection bridge.

4、元件表面下方應該有一個比較完整的地平面。 對於多層板,必須盡可能保持接地平面的完整性。 通常不允許信號線在地平面中運行。

5、高頻、高速、時鐘等關鍵信號線應有相鄰的地平面。 In this way, the distance between signal line and ground line is only the distance between PCB layers, so the actual current always flows in the ground line directly below the signal line, forming the smallest signal loop area and reducing radiation.

How to design the signal of integrity PCB

PCB layout design

印製板信號完整性設計的關鍵是佈局佈線,直接關係到PCB的性能。 Prior to layout, the PCB size must be determined to meet the function at the lowest possible cost. 如果PCB過大且分散,傳輸線可能很長,導致阻抗增加,抗噪性降低,成本增加。 如果元件放在一起,散熱不好,相鄰佈線可能會出現耦合串擾。 因此,佈局必須以電路的功能單元為基礎,同時考慮電磁兼容性、散熱和接口因素。

在佈局具有混合數字和模擬信號的 PCB 時,不要混合數字和模擬信號。 如果必須混合模擬和數字信號,請務必垂直佈線以減少交叉耦合的影響。 電路板上的數字電路、模擬電路和產生噪聲的電路要分開,先走敏感電路,消除電路之間的耦合路徑。 尤其要考慮時鐘線、復位線和中斷線,這些線不要與大電流開關線平行,否則容易被電磁耦合信號損壞,造成意外復位或中斷。 The overall layout should follow the following principles:

1、PCB上的功能分區佈局,模擬電路和數字電路應該有不同的空間佈局。

2.根據電路信號過程來排列功能電路單元,使信號流保持同一方向。

3. Take the core components of each functional circuit unit as the center, and other components are arranged around it.

4. Shorten the connection between high-frequency components as much as possible and try to reduce their distribution parameters.

5. 易受干擾的元件不要太靠近,輸入和輸出元件要遠離。

How to design the signal of integrity PCB

PCB佈線設計

所有信號線在PCB佈線前都要進行分類。 First of all, clock line, sensitive signal line, and then high-speed signal line, in order to ensure that this kind of signal through the hole is enough, distribution parameters of good characteristics, and then general unimportant signal line.

Incompatible signal lines should be far away from each other and do not parallel wiring, such as digital and analog, high speed and low speed, high current and small current, high voltage and low voltage. 不同層的信號線應垂直走線,以減少串擾。 信號線的排列最好按照信號的流向排列。 電路的輸出信號線不應折回到輸入信號線區域。 High-speed signal lines should be kept as short as possible to avoid interfering with other signal lines. 在雙面板上,如果需要,可以在高速信號線的兩側增加隔離地線。 多層板上的所有高速時鐘線都應根據時鐘線的長度進行屏蔽。

接線的一般原則是:

1.盡量選擇低密度佈線設計,盡量與信號線的粗細一致,有利於阻抗匹配。 對於射頻電路,信號線方向、寬度和線間距設計不合理可能會造成信號傳輸線之間的交叉干擾。

2、盡量避免相鄰的輸入輸出線和長距離平行佈線。 為了減少平行信號線的串擾,可以增加信號線之間的間距,或者在信號線之間插入隔離帶。

3、PCB上的線寬要均勻,不能出現線寬突變。 PCB佈線彎曲不宜採用90度角,應採用圓弧或135度角,盡量保持線路阻抗的連續性。

4. Minimize the area of the current loop. The external radiation intensity of current-carrying circuit is proportional to the current passing through, the loop area and the square of signal frequency. Reducing the current loop area can reduce the ELECTROMAGNETIC interference of PCB.

5、盡量減少導線的長度,增加導線的寬度,有利於降低導線的阻抗。

6、對於開關控制信號,盡量減少同時改變狀態的SIGNAL PCB佈線的數量。