Ngokunyuka kwemveliso yesekethe edibeneyo yokutshintsha isantya kunye Ibhodi PCB Uxinaniso, uMqondiso weMfezeko uye waba ngomnye wemiba emele ixhalabele kuyilo lwePCB yedijithali enesantya esiphezulu. Iiparamitha zamacandelo kunye nebhodi yePCB, ukubekwa kwamacandelo kwibhodi yePCB, i-wiring yomgca weSignal enesantya esiphezulu kunye nezinye izinto, Ingabangela iingxaki ngokunyaniseka komqondiso.

Uyilo lwePCB, ukuthembeka komqondiso kufuna ubeko lwebhodi olungachaphazeli ixesha lesiginali okanye amandla ombane, ngelixa ii-wiring zesekethe, ukuthembeka komqondiso kufuna izinto zokupheliswa, ubuchule bokuyila, kunye nolwazi lwe-wiring. Isantya esiphezulu somqondiso kwi-PCB, ukubekwa okungalunganga kwamacandelo okugqibela, okanye i-wiring engalunganga yeempawu zesantya esiphezulu kunokubangela iingxaki zemfezeko yesignali, enokubangela ukuba inkqubo ikhuphe idatha engalunganga, isekethe isebenze ngokungafanelekanga okanye ingasebenzi kwaphela. Uyithatha kanjani ingqibelelo yomqondiso kuthathelwa ingqalelo epheleleyo kwaye uthathe amanyathelo olawulo olusebenzayo kuyilo lwe-PCB ibe sisihloko esishushu kushishino loyilo lwe-PCB.

Ingqibelelo yoMqondiso Ingxaki Ukuthembeka kophawu oluhle kuthetha ukuba umqondiso unokuphendula ngexesha elichanekileyo kunye namaxabiso ombane xa kufuneka. Kwelinye icala, xa isiginali ingaphenduli ngokufanelekileyo, kukho ingxaki yesiginali. Iingxaki zengqibelelo yomqondiso zingakhokelela okanye zikhokelela ngokuthe ngqo ekugqwethekeni komqondiso, iimpazamo zexesha, idatha engalunganga, idilesi kunye nemigca yokulawula, kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwenkqubo, okanye ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo. Kwinkqubo yoyilo PCB practice, abantu baqokelele imithetho yoyilo PCB eninzi. Kuyilo lwe-PCB, ukuthembeka komqondiso we-PCB kunokufezekiswa ngcono ngokubhekisa ngononophelo kule mithetho yoyilo.

Xa kuyilwa PCB, kufuneka kuqala siqonde ulwazi uyilo yebhodi yesekethe yonke, leyo ikakhulu ibandakanya:

1. Inani lezixhobo, ubungakanani besixhobo, ipakethe yesixhobo, ireyithi yetshiphu, nokuba iPCB yahlulwe ngesantya esiphantsi, isantya esiphakathi kunye nesantya esiphezulu, esilujongano lwegalelo kunye nommandla wemveliso;

2. Iimfuno zobume ngokubanzi, indawo ekubekwa kuyo isixhobo, nokuba kukho isixhobo esikhulu samandla, isixhobo sokutshisa ubushushu isixhobo esikhethekileyo;

3. Uhlobo lomgca wesignali, isantya kunye nokuhanjiswa kwesikhokelo, iimfuno zokulawula i-impedance yomgca wesignali, isantya sebhasi kunye nesimo sokuqhuba, iimpawu eziphambili kunye nemilinganiselo yokukhusela;

4. Uhlobo lonikezelo lwamandla, uhlobo lomhlaba, iimfuno zokunyamezela ingxolo kunikezelo lwamandla kunye nomhlaba, ukusetwa kunye nokwahlulwa kombane kunye nenqwelomoya ephantsi;

5. Iindidi kunye neereyithi zemigca yewotshi, umthombo kunye nesalathiso semigca yewotshi, iimfuno zokulibaziseka kwewotshi, iimfuno zomgca omde.

PCB uyilo umaleko

Emva kokuqonda ulwazi olusisiseko lwebhodi yesekethe, kuyimfuneko ukulinganisa iimfuno zoyilo lweendleko zebhodi yesekethe kunye nengqibelelo yomqondiso, kwaye ukhethe inani elifanelekileyo lee-wiring layers. Okwangoku, ibhodi yesekethe iye yaphuhliswa ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka kulwahlulo olunye, umaleko ophindwe kabini kunye nolwaleko oluninzi ukuya kwibhodi yesekethe eyahlukeneyo. Uyilo lwe-PCB olunemigca emininzi lunokuwuphucula umgangatho wesalathiso sokuhamba komqondiso kunye nokubonelela ngendlela yokubuya umqondiso, owona mgangatho uphambili wokufezekisa ukuthembeka komqondiso. Xa uyila ukubeka i-PCB, landela le mithetho ilandelayo:

1. Inqwelomoya yokukhangela iya kukhethwa ukuba ibe yinqwelomoya ephantsi. Zombini unikezelo lwamandla kunye nenqwelomoya ephantsi ingasetyenziswa njengenqwelomoya, kwaye zombini inomsebenzi othile wokukhusela. Nangona kunjalo, umphumo okhuselayo wenqwelo-moya yokubonelela ngombane ungaphantsi kakhulu kuneso senqwelo-moya yasemhlabeni ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwayo okuphezulu kunye nokwahlukana okukhulu okunokubakho phakathi kwenqwelo-moya yonikezelo lwamandla kunye nenqanaba elisezantsi lereferensi.

2. Isekethe yedijithali kunye neesekethe ze-analog ziyileji. Apho iindleko zokuyila zivuma, kungcono ukulungiselela iisekethe zedijithali kunye ne-analog kumaleko ahlukeneyo. Ukuba kufuneka ulungelelanise umaleko wocingo olufanayo, unokusebenzisa umsele, wongeza umgca womhlaba, indlela enjengokwahlula umgca wokulungisa. Amandla e-analog kunye nedijithali kunye nomhlaba kufuneka wohlulwe, ungaze uxutywe.

3. Umzila wesignali engundoqo wemigangatho emeleneyo ayiweleli indawo yokwahlula. Iimpawu ziya kwenza iluphu yomqondiso omkhulu kuwo wonke ummandla kwaye zenze imitha yemitha eyomeleleyo. Ukuba intambo yesiginali kufuneka iwele indawo xa intambo yomhlaba yahlulwe, inqaku elinye linokudityaniswa phakathi komhlaba ukwenza ibhulorho yoqhagamshelo phakathi kweendawo ezimbini zomhlaba, emva koko intambo inokuhanjiswa ngebhulorho yoqhagamshelo.

4. Kufuneka kubekho inqwelomoya ephantsi epheleleyo engaphantsi komgangatho wecandelo. Ukunyaniseka kwendiza yomhlaba kufuneka kugcinwe kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwi-multilayer plate. Akukho migca yemiqondiso eqhele ukuvunyelwa ukuba iqhube kwinqwelomoya ephantsi.

I-5, i-frequency ephezulu, isantya esiphezulu, iwotshi kunye nezinye iilayini zesignali eziphambili kufuneka zibe nenqwelomoya ekufutshane. Ngale ndlela, umgama phakathi komgca wesiginali kunye nomgca womhlaba kuphela umgama phakathi kweengqimba zePCB, ke elona langoku lihlala lihamba kumgca womhlaba ngqo ngaphantsi komgca womqondiso, lenza indawo encinci yomqondiso kunye nokunciphisa imitha.

Uyila njani uphawu lwe-PCB ethembekileyo

Uyilo loyilo lwePCB

Isitshixo soyilo lwengqibelelo yesiginali yebhodi eprintiweyo kuyilo kunye neengcingo, ezihambelana ngqo nokusebenza kwePCB. Ngaphambi koyilo, ubungakanani bePCB kufuneka bumiselwe ukuhlangabezana nomsebenzi ngelona xabiso lisezantsi. Ukuba iPCB inkulu kakhulu kwaye isasazwe, umgca wothumelo unokuba mde kakhulu, okukhokelela ekwandeni kokuphazamiseka, ukunciphisa ukumelana nengxolo, kunye neendleko ezongezelelekileyo. Ukuba amacandelo abekwe kunye, ukuchithwa kobushushu akubi, kwaye i-coupling crosstalk ingenzeka kwi-wiring ekufutshane. Ke ngoko, uyilo kufuneka lusekwe kwiiyunithi ezisebenzayo zesekethe, ngelixa kuqwalaselwa ukuhambelana kwe-electromagnetic, ukuchithwa kobushushu kunye nezinto ezijongana nazo.

Xa ubeka i-PCB eneempawu ezixubileyo zedijithali kunye ne-analog, musa ukudibanisa imiqondiso yedijithali kunye ne-analog. Ukuba iimpawu ze-analog kunye nedijithali kufuneka zixutywe, qiniseka ukuba umgca ngokuthe nkqo ukuze unciphise umphumo wokudibanisa ukudibanisa. Isekethe yedijithali, isekethe ye-analog, kunye nesekethe evelisa ingxolo kwibhodi yesekethe kufuneka yahlulwe, kwaye isekethe ethe-ethe kufuneka ihanjiswe kuqala, kwaye indlela yokudibanisa phakathi kweesekethe kufuneka isuswe. Ngokukodwa, qwalasela iwotshi, ukusetha kwakhona kunye nokuphazamisa imigca, ungahambelani nale migca kunye nemigca yokutshintsha yangoku ephezulu, kungenjalo yonakaliswe lula yimiqondiso yokudibanisa i-electromagnetic, ebangela ukusetha kwakhona okungalindelekanga okanye ukuphazamisa. Uyilo lulonke kufuneka lulandele le migaqo ilandelayo:

1. I- Functional partition layout, i-analog circuit kunye ne-digital circuit kwi-PCB kufuneka zibe ne-spatial layout eyahlukileyo.

2. Ngokwenkqubo yesekethe yenkqubo yokulungelelanisa iiyunithi zesekethe esebenzayo, ukuze ukuhamba kwesiginali kugcine ulwalathiso olufanayo.

Thatha izinto ezingundoqo zecandelo ngalinye lesekethe esebenzayo njengeziko, namanye amacandelo alungiswe macala onke.

4. Nciphisa uxhulumaniso phakathi kwamacandelo ombane aphezulu kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwaye uzame ukunciphisa iiparameter zokuhambisa.

5. Amacandelo aphazamiseke ngokulula akufanele asondele kakhulu omnye komnye, amacandelo egalelo kunye nemveliso kufuneka abe kude.

Uyila njani uphawu lwe-PCB ethembekileyo

Uyilo kweentambo PCB

Zonke iilayini zemiqondiso kufuneka zibekwe phambi kocingo lwePCB. Okokuqala, ilayini yewotshi, umgca wesiginali ontununtunu, kunye nomgca wesiginali esiphakamileyo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba olu hlobo lwesiginali ngomngxunya lwanele, iiparameter zokuhambisa zeempawu ezilungileyo, kunye nomgca wesiginali ongabalulekanga ngokubanzi.

Imigca yesignali engahambelaniyo kufuneka ibe kude komnye nomnye kwaye ingabi ne-wiring ehambelanayo, njenge-digital kunye ne-analog, isantya esiphezulu kunye nesantya esiphantsi, i-high current kunye nencinci yangoku, i-voltage ephezulu kunye ne-voltage ephantsi. Iintambo zomqondiso kwiileya ezahlukeneyo kufuneka zihanjiswe ngokuthe nkqo ukuya kwenye ukuze kuncitshiswe i-crosstalk. Ukulungelelaniswa kwemigca yeempawu kulungelelaniswa ngokufanelekileyo ngokwendlela yokuhamba komqondiso. Umgca wesiginali esivelisayo wesiphaluka akufuneki ubuyiselwe umva kwindawo yomgca wokufaka uphawu. Imigca yeempawu zesantya esiphezulu kufuneka igcinwe imfutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuphepha ukuphazamisana neminye imigca yemiqondiso. Kwiphaneli ephindwe kabini, ukuba kukho imfuneko, ucingo lomhlaba oluzimeleyo lunokongezwa kumacala omabini omqondiso wesantya esiphezulu. Yonke imigca enesantya esiphezulu kwibhodi ye-multilayer kufuneka ikhuselwe ngokobude bemigca yeewotshi.

Imigaqo ngokubanzi yokufaka iintambo zezi:

1. Kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukukhetha uyilo lokuxinana kweengcingo eziphantsi, kunye neengcingo zesignali kangangoko ubuninzi obunokwenzeka buhambelanayo, obuncedayo ekuthelekiseni i-impedance. Kwisekethe ye-rf, uyilo olungekho ngqiqweni lwesalathiso somgca wesignali, ububanzi kunye nesithuba somgca sinokubangela ukuphazamiseka okunqamlezayo phakathi kwemigca yothumelo yomqondiso.

2. Ngokusemandleni ukuphepha i-input edibeneyo kunye neengcingo ze-output kunye ne-long-distance parallel wiring. Ukunciphisa i-crosstalk yemigca yesignali ehambelanayo, isithuba phakathi kwemigca yesignali sinokunyuswa, okanye amabhanti okuhlukanisa angafakwa phakathi kwemigca yesignali.

3. Ububanzi bomgca kwi-PCB buya kufana kwaye akukho kuguqulwa kobubanzi bomgca kuya kwenzeka. I-PCB yokugoba i-wiring akufanele isebenzise ikona ye-90 degrees, kufuneka isebenzise i-arc okanye i-135 degrees Angle, kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukugcina ukuqhubeka komgca we-impedance.

4. Nciphisa indawo ye-loop yangoku. Ukuqina kwemitha yangaphandle yesekethe ephetheyo yangoku ilingana nokudlula ngoku, indawo ye-loop kunye nesikwere sokuphindaphinda komqondiso. Ukunciphisa indawo yangoku yomda kunokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-ELECTROMAGNETIC ye-PCB.

5. Ngokusemandleni ekunciphiseni ubude bocingo, ukwandisa ububanzi bocingo, kukulungele ukunciphisa ukuxhatshazwa kocingo.

6. Kwiimpawu zolawulo lokutshintsha, inani le-SIGNAL PCB wiring etshintsha isimo ngexesha elinye kufuneka lincitshiswe kangangoko kunokwenzeka.