Buga kwamiti na kewaye (PCB) sune ginshikin kusan dukkan na’urorin lantarki. Ana iya samun waɗannan PCB mai ban mamaki a cikin manyan na’urori masu ci gaba da na asali, gami da wayoyin Android, kwamfyutocin tafi -da -gidanka, kwamfutoci, kalkuleta, smartwatches da ƙari. A cikin harshe na asali, PCB shine allon da ke tafiya da siginar lantarki a cikin na’ura, wanda ke haifar da aikin lantarki da buƙatun na kayan da mai ƙira ya saita.

PCB ya ƙunshi substrate da aka yi da kayan FR-4 da hanyoyin jan ƙarfe a ko’ina cikin kewaye tare da sigina a cikin jirgi.

Kafin ƙirar PCB, mai zanen kewaye na lantarki dole ne ya ziyarci bitar masana’antar PCB don cikakken fahimtar iya aiki da iyakancewar masana’antar PCB. Wurare. Wannan yana da mahimmanci saboda masu zanen PCB da yawa ba su san iyakokin wuraren masana’antu na PCB ba kuma lokacin da suka aika da takaddar ƙira zuwa shagon/kayan aikin PCB, suna dawowa kuma suna buƙatar canje -canje don saduwa da iyawa/iyakan tsarin sarrafa PCB. Koyaya, idan mai zanen kewaye yana aiki don kamfani wanda ba shi da kantin sayar da PCB na cikin gida, kuma kamfanin ya ba da aikin ga masana’antar kera PCB ta waje, to lallai mai zanen ya tuntuɓi mai ƙera kan layi kuma ya nemi iyaka ko takamaiman irin wannan. azaman matsakaicin farantin farantin ƙarfe a minti ɗaya, matsakaicin adadin yadudduka, ƙaramin buɗewa da girman girman bangarorin PCB.

A cikin wannan takarda, za mu mai da hankali kan tsarin masana’antar PCB, don haka wannan takarda za ta taimaka wa masu zanen kewaya don fahimtar tsarin sarrafa PCB a hankali, don guje wa kurakuran ƙira.

Matakan aikin sarrafa PCB

Mataki na 1: Tsarin PCB da fayilolin GERBER

< p> Masu zanen da’irar suna zana zane -zane a cikin software na CAD don ƙirar PCB. Mai ƙira dole ne ya haɗu tare da mai ƙera PCB game da software da aka yi amfani da ita don tsara ƙirar PCB don kada a sami lamuran dacewa. Mafi mashahuri software na ƙirar ƙirar PCB shine Altium Designer, Eagle, ORCAD da Mentor PADS.

Bayan an karɓi ƙirar PCB don ƙerawa, mai zanen zai samar da fayil daga ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar PCB. Ana kiran wannan fayil ɗin fayil GERBER. Fayilolin Gerber fayiloli ne na yau da kullun waɗanda galibin masana’antun PCB ke amfani da su don nuna abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin PCB, kamar yadudduka na saƙa na tagulla da abin rufe fuska. Fayilolin Gerber sune fayilolin hoto na 2D vector. Gerber mai tsayi yana ba da cikakkiyar fitarwa.

Software yana da algorithms mai amfani/mai ƙira tare da mahimman abubuwa kamar faɗin waƙa, tazarar gefen farantin, alama da tazarar rami, da girman rami. Allon yana gudana ta mai zanen don bincika kowane kurakurai a cikin ƙira. Bayan an ƙera ƙirar, ana aika shi zuwa masana’anta na PCB inda ake bincika DFM. Ana amfani da DFM (ƙirar ƙira) don tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin haƙuri ga ƙirar PCB.

< b> ba Mataki na 2: GERBER zuwa hoto

Mai bugawa na musamman da ake amfani da shi don buga hotunan PCB ana kiransa makirci. Waɗannan masu ƙulla makirci za su buga allon kewaye a fim. Ana amfani da waɗannan fina -finan don yin hoton PCBS. Masu ƙulla makirci suna da ƙima sosai a cikin dabarun bugawa kuma suna iya ba da cikakkun ƙirar PCB.

Takardar filastik da aka cire daga makircin shine PCB da aka buga da tawada ta baki. A cikin yanayin murfin ciki, tawada ta baki tana wakiltar waƙar jan ƙarfe mai gudana, yayin da ɓangaren mara fa’ida shine ɓangaren da ba mai jagoranci ba. A gefe guda kuma, don murfin waje, za a datse tawada ta baki kuma za a yi amfani da wurin da ba a san shi ba don jan ƙarfe. Yakamata a adana waɗannan fina -finan da kyau don gujewa hulɗa ko yatsan da ba dole ba.

Kowane Layer yana da fim. Maskurin walda yana da fim daban. Duk waɗannan fina -finai dole ne a haɗa su gaba ɗaya don zana daidaita PCB. Ana samun wannan daidaiton PCB ta hanyar daidaita wurin aiki wanda fim ɗin ya yi daidai, kuma ana iya samun daidaitaccen daidaituwa bayan ƙaramin ƙimar ma’aunin aikin. Waɗannan fina -finan dole ne su sami ramukan jeri don riƙe juna daidai. Fil ɗin gano wuri zai shiga cikin ramin ganowa.

Mataki na 3: Buga ta ciki: photoresist da jan karfe

Yanzu an buga waɗannan fina -finan hoto a kan takardar jan ƙarfe. Babban tsarin PCB an yi shi da laminate. Babban kayan abu shine resin epoxy da fiber gilashin da ake kira kayan tushe. Laminate yana karɓar jan ƙarfe wanda ya ƙunshi PCB. A substrate samar da iko dandamali ga PCBS. Duk bangarorin biyu an rufe su da jan karfe. Tsarin ya ƙunshi cire jan ƙarfe don bayyana ƙirar fim ɗin.

Gurɓatawa yana da mahimmanci don tsaftace PCBS daga laminates na jan ƙarfe. Tabbatar cewa babu ƙurar ƙura akan PCB. In ba haka ba, da’irar na iya zama takaice ko buɗe

Yanzu ana amfani da fim ɗin fitila. Photoresist an yi shi ne da sinadarai masu ɗaukar hoto waɗanda ke taurare lokacin amfani da hasken ultraviolet. Dole ne a tabbatar cewa fim ɗin hoto da fim ɗin hoto sun yi daidai.

Waɗannan fina -finan hoto da na photolithographic suna haɗe da laminate ta hanyar gyara fil. Yanzu ana amfani da hasken ultraviolet. Baƙar tawada akan fim ɗin hoto zai toshe hasken ultraviolet, ta hakan yana hana jan ƙarfe a ƙasa kuma ba taƙama mai ɗaukar hoto a ƙarƙashin alamun baƙar fata ba. Za a sanya yankin mai haske ga hasken UV, don haka ya taurara matsanancin hoton da za a cire.

Sannan ana tsabtace farantin tare da maganin alkaline don cire fotoresist mai wuce haddi. Kwamitin da’irar yanzu zai bushe.

Yanzu PCBS na iya rufe wayoyin tagulla da ake amfani da su don yin waƙoƙin da’irar tare da masu lalata lalata. Idan allon yadudduka biyu ne, to za a yi amfani da shi don hakowa, in ba haka ba za a ɗauki ƙarin matakai.

Mataki na 4: Cire jan ƙarfe da ba’a so

Yi amfani da maganin jan ƙarfe mai ƙarfi don cire jan ƙarfe mai yawa, kamar yadda maganin alkaline ke kawar da yawan ɗaukar hoto. Ba za a cire jan ƙarfe da ke ƙarƙashin mai tauraron tauraron ba.

Za a cire na’urar tauraron dan adam da ta taurare yanzu don kare tagulla da ake bukata. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar wanke PCB tare da wani sauran ƙarfi.

Mataki na 5: Daidaita Layer da dubawa na gani

Bayan an shirya dukkan yadudduka, suna daidaita da juna. Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar buga tambarin rajista kamar yadda aka bayyana a matakin da ya gabata. Masu fasaha suna sanya dukkan yadudduka a cikin injin da ake kira “punch optical.” Wannan injin zai dunkule ramukan daidai.

Ba za a iya jujjuya adadin yadudduka da aka sanya da kurakuran da ke faruwa ba.

Mai ganowa na atomatik zai yi amfani da laser don gano duk wani lahani da kwatanta hoton dijital zuwa fayil ɗin Gerber.

Mataki na 6: Ƙara yadudduka da dauri

A wannan matakin, duk yadudduka, gami da na waje, ana manne su tare. Za a tara dukkan yadudduka a saman substrate.

Layer na waje an yi shi da fiberglass “wanda aka riga aka riga aka sani” tare da resin epoxy wanda ake kira preimpregnated. Za a rufe saman da kasa na substrate tare da yadudduka na jan ƙarfe da aka zana tare da layin gano tagulla.

Teburin ƙarfe mai nauyi tare da dunƙule na ƙarfe don haɗawa/latsa yadudduka. Ana ɗaure waɗannan yadudduka a teburin don gujewa motsi yayin daidaitawa.

Shigar da prepreg Layer akan teburin daidaitawa, sannan shigar da ƙaramin substrate akan sa, sannan sanya farantin tagulla. Ana sanya ƙarin faranti prepreg a cikin irin wannan hanya, kuma a ƙarshe murfin aluminum ya kammala tari.

Kwamfutar za ta sarrafa tsarin aikin jarida ta atomatik, ta dumama tari sannan ta sanyaya shi a ƙimar sarrafawa.

Yanzu masu fasaha za su cire fil da farantin matsa lamba don buɗe kunshin.

Mataki na 7: Haƙa ramuka

Yanzu lokaci yayi da za a haƙa ramuka a cikin PCBS da aka tara. Daidaitaccen ramuka na iya cimma ramukan diamita micron 100 tare da madaidaicin madaidaici. Bit ɗin yana da huhu kuma yana da saurin gudu na kusan 300K RPM. Amma koda da wannan saurin, aikin hakowa yana ɗaukar lokaci, saboda kowane rami yana ɗaukar lokaci don yin hakar daidai. Daidaitaccen ganewa na matsayin bit tare da masu gano tushen X-ray.

Ana kuma ƙirƙirar fayilolin hakowa ta mai zanen PCB a matakin farko ga mai ƙera PCB. Wannan fayil ɗin hakowa yana ƙayyade motsi na bit na bit kuma yana ƙayyade wurin rawar.Waɗannan ramukan yanzu za su yi rufi ta cikin ramuka da ramuka.

Mataki na 8: Sakawa da sanya jan ƙarfe

Bayan tsaftacewa da kyau, yanzu an ajiye komitin PCB. A wannan lokacin, ana ajiye ƙananan yadudduka (kauri 1 micron) na jan ƙarfe a saman kwamitin. Copper yana shiga cikin rijiyar burtsatse. Ganuwar ramukan gaba ɗaya an rufe su da jan ƙarfe. Duk hanyar tsomawa da cirewa kwamfuta ce ke sarrafa ta

Mataki na 9: Hoto Layer na waje

Kamar yadda yake a cikin Layer na ciki, ana amfani da photoresist zuwa saman waje, rukunin prepreg da fim ɗin tawada na baki da aka haɗa tare yanzu sun fashe a cikin ɗakin rawaya tare da hasken ultraviolet. Photoresist ya taurare. Yanzu an wanke kwamitin da injin don cire tsayayyen tsayayyen kariya ta rashin haske na tawada ta baki.

Mataki na 10: Sanya Layer na waje:

Farantin electroplated tare da siririn jan ƙarfe. Bayan farantin jan ƙarfe na farko, ana toshe kwamitin don cire duk wani jan ƙarfe da aka bari a faranti. Tin a lokacin da ake yin rufa -rufa yana hana sashin da ake buƙata na kwamitin rufe tagulla. Etching yana cire jan ƙarfe da ba a so daga kwamitin.

Mataki 11: Etch

Za a cire jan ƙarfe da jan ƙarfe da ba a so daga ramin tsayayyar juriya. Ana amfani da sinadarai don tsabtace jan ƙarfe. Tin, a gefe guda, yana rufe jan ƙarfe da ake buƙata. Yanzu yana kaiwa zuwa madaidaicin haɗi da waƙa

Mataki na 12: Aikace -aikacen abin rufe fuska

Tsaftace panel da tawada mai toshe epoxy zai rufe kwamitin. Ana amfani da hasken UV akan farantin ta hanyar fim ɗin ɗaukar hoto. Sashin da aka rufe ya kasance babu rauni kuma za’a cire shi. Yanzu sanya allon kewaye a cikin tanda don gyara fim ɗin solder.

Mataki na 13: Maganin farfajiya

HASL (Matsayin Mai Siyarwa Mai Haɗawa) yana ba da ƙarin damar siyarwa don PCBS. RayPCB (https://raypcb.com/pcb-fabrication/) yana ba da nutsewar zinare da nutsewar azurfa HASL. HASL yana ba da gammaye. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarewar ƙasa.

Mataki na 14: Buga allo

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PCBS suna cikin mataki na ƙarshe kuma suna karɓar bugawa/rubutu inkjet akan farfajiya. Ana amfani da wannan don wakiltar mahimman bayanai masu alaƙa da PCB.

Mataki na 15: Gwajin wutar lantarki

Mataki na ƙarshe shine gwajin wutar lantarki na PCB na ƙarshe. Tsarin atomatik yana tabbatar da ayyukan PCB don dacewa da ƙirar asali. A RayPCB, muna ba da gwajin allurar tashi ko gwajin gado na ƙusa.

Mataki na 16: Yi nazari

Mataki na ƙarshe shine yanke farantin daga ɓangaren asali. Ana amfani da na’ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa don wannan dalili ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙananan lakabi tare da gefen allon don a iya fitar da allon cikin sauƙi daga kwamitin.