Njira zopangira ma PCB

Kusindikizidwa bolodi dera (PCB) ndiye mwala wapangodya wazida zamagetsi zonse. Ma PCB odabwitsawa amapezeka pamagetsi ambiri apamwamba komanso oyambira, kuphatikiza mafoni a Android, ma laputopu, makompyuta, ma calculator, ma smartwatches ndi zina zambiri. M’chinenero chofunikira kwambiri, PCB ndi bolodi lomwe limayendetsa magetsi pamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa magwiridwe antchito ndi zofunikira za chipangizocho kukhala chopangidwa ndi wopanga.

PCB imakhala ndi gawo lapansi lopangidwa ndi FR-4 zakuthupi ndi njira zamkuwa mchigawo chonse ndizizindikiro mgululi.

Isanafike kapangidwe PCB, ndi dera dera mlengi ayenera kukaona PCB kupanga msonkhano kumvetsa mphamvu ndi zoperewera za kupanga PCB. Malo. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa opanga ma PCB ambiri sadziwa zoperewera zamagetsi opanga ma PCB ndipo akatumiza chikalata ku malo ogulitsa / malo a PCB, amabwerera ndikupempha zosintha kuti akwaniritse mphamvu / malire amachitidwe opanga PCB. Komabe, ngati wopanga madera amagwirira ntchito kampani yomwe ilibe shopu yapanyumba ya PCB, ndipo kampaniyo ipereka ntchitoyo ku fakitale yopanga ma PCB akunja, ndiye kuti wopanga ayenera kulumikizana ndi wopanga pa intaneti ndikufunsani malire kapena mafotokozedwe makulidwe azitsulo zamkuwa zamphindi pamphindi, kuchuluka kwa zigawo, kabowo kocheperako komanso kukula kwakukulu kwa mapanelo a PCB.

Mu pepala ili, tikambirana za kupanga kwa PCB, chifukwa pepala ili likhala lothandiza kwa opanga madera kuti amvetsetse pang’onopang’ono njira yopangira PCB, kuti tipewe zolakwika.

Njira zopangira ma PCB

Gawo 1: Kupanga kwa PCB ndi mafayilo a GERBER

< p> Opanga ma Circuit ajambula zojambula mu CAD pulogalamu yakapangidwe ka PCB. Wopanga ayenera kulumikizana ndi wopanga PCB za pulogalamu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyala kapangidwe ka PCB kuti pasakhale zovuta zogwirizana. Mapulogalamu otchuka kwambiri a CAD PCB ndi Altium Designer, Eagle, ORCAD ndi Mentor PADS.

Kamangidwe ka PCB kalandiridwa kuti kakapangidwe, wopanga azipanga fayilo kuchokera pamapangidwe ovomerezeka a PCB. Fayiloyi imatchedwa fayilo ya GERBER. Mafayilo a Gerber ndimafayilo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi opanga ma PCB ambiri kuti awonetse zigawo za kapangidwe ka PCB, monga zigawo zotsata mkuwa ndi masks otsekemera. Mafayilo a Gerber ndi mafayilo azithunzi za 2D. Zowonjezera Gerber zimatulutsa bwino.

Pulogalamuyi imagwiritsa ntchito momwe ogwiritsa ntchito / opanga amapangira ma algorithms okhala ndi zinthu zazikulu monga kutambalala kwa njanji, kutalikirana kwa mbale, kutsata ndi mabowo, ndi kukula kwa dzenje. Ma algorithm amayendetsedwa ndi wopanga kuti awone zolakwika zilizonse pakupanga. Kamangidwe katsimikizika, kamatumizidwa kwa wopanga PCB komwe amayang’ana DFM. Macheke a DFM (Design Design) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira kulolerana pang’ono pamapangidwe a PCB.

< b> Gawo 2: GERBER kujambula

Chosindikizira wapadera ntchito kusindikiza zithunzi PCB amatchedwa plotter. Okonza izi adzasindikiza ma board oyang’anira pafilimu. Mafilimuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kujambula PCBS. Ziwerengero ndizolondola kwambiri pamasindikizidwe ndipo zimatha kupereka mapangidwe a PCB mwatsatanetsatane.

Pepala la pulasitiki lomwe lidachotsedwa pamalowo ndi PCB yosindikizidwa ndi inki yakuda. Pankhani yosanjikiza kwamkati, inki yakuda imayimira nyimbo zamkuwa, pomwe gawo lopanda kanthu ndi lomwe silichita bwino. Kumbali ina, kwa wosanjikiza wakunja, inki yakuda idzachotsedwa ndipo malo opanda kanthu adzagwiritsidwa ntchito mkuwa. Mafilimuwa ayenera kusungidwa bwino kuti apewe kukhudzana kosafunikira kapena zolemba zala.

Mzere uliwonse uli ndi kanema wake. Chigoba chowotcherera chili ndi kanema wina. Makanema onsewa ayenera kulumikizana kuti ajambulitse kuyanjana kwa PCB. Kuwongolera kumeneku kwa PCB kumatheka posintha benchi yogwirira ntchito yomwe kanemayo ikukwanira, ndipo kuwongolera koyenera kungapezeke mukamayang’ana pang’ono pa workbench. Mafilimuwa ayenera kukhala ndi mabowo olumikizirana kuti agwirizane molondola. Pini yopezera malo ikwanira mu dzenjelo.

Gawo 3: Kusindikiza kwamkati: photoresist ndi mkuwa

Makanema ojambula awa tsopano amasindikizidwa pazithunzi zamkuwa. Kapangidwe ka PCB kamapangidwa ndi laminate. Zomwe zimayambira ndi utomoni wa epoxy ndi ulusi wamagalasi wotchedwa zakuthupi. Laminate imalandira mkuwa womwe umapanga PCB. Gawo lapansi limapereka nsanja yamphamvu ya PCBS. Mbali zonsezi zinali zokutidwa ndi mkuwa. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kuchotsa mkuwa kuti awulule kapangidwe ka kanemayo.

Kuwononga ndikofunikira poyeretsa PCBS ku ma laminates amkuwa. Onetsetsani kuti mulibe fumbi pa PCB. Kupanda kutero, dera limatha kukhala lalifupi kapena lotseguka

Kanema wa Photoresist tsopano wagwiritsidwa ntchito. Photoresist imapangidwa ndi mankhwala ojambula zithunzi omwe amauma pamene radiation ya ultraviolet imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Tiyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti makanema ojambula komanso ojambula zithunzi amafanana ndendende.

Makanema ojambula ndi ojambula zithunzi awa amaphatikizidwa ndi laminate pokonza zikhomo. Tsopano ma radiation a ultraviolet agwiritsidwa ntchito. Inki yakuda pa kanema wazithunzi imatchinga kuwala kwa ultraviolet, potero imalepheretsa mkuwa pansi ndikusawumitsa wojambula zithunzi pansi pa inki yakuda. Dera lowonekera lidzayatsidwa ndi kuwala kwa UV, potero kuwumitsa chithunzi chojambulira chomwe chidzachotsedwe.

Mbaleyo imatsukidwa ndi mankhwala amchere kuti muchotse chithunzi choonjezera. Bungwe loyendetsa dera lidzauma tsopano.

PCBS tsopano imatha kuphimba mawaya amkuwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mayendedwe azoyendetsa dzimbiri. Ngati bolodi ili ndi magawo awiri, ndiye kuti lidzagwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola, apo ayi pali zina zomwe zingachitike.

Gawo 4: Chotsani mkuwa wosafunikira

Gwiritsani ntchito njira yamphamvu yosungunulira mkuwa kuti muchotse mkuwa wochulukirapo, monganso momwe njira yamchere imachotsera photoresist yochulukirapo. Mkuwa womwe uli pansi pa wojambula zithunzi wolimba sudzachotsedwa.

Chithunzi chojambulidwa tsopano chidzachotsedwa kuti chiteteze mkuwa wofunikira. Izi zimachitika ndikutsuka PCB ndi zosungunulira zina.

Gawo 5: Kuyanjana kwa masanjidwe ndi kuyendera kwamaso

Pambuyo pokonza zigawo zonsezi, zimagwirizana. Izi zitha kuchitika polemba dzenje lolembetsera monga tafotokozera m’mbuyomu. Amisiri amaika zigawo zonse pamakina otchedwa “optical nkhonya.” Makinawa amabowola mabowo molondola.

Chiwerengero cha zigawo zomwe zidayikidwa ndi zolakwika zomwe zimachitika sizingasinthike.

Chojambulira chowonekera chokha chimagwiritsa ntchito laser kuti izindikire zolakwika zilizonse ndikuyerekeza chithunzi cha digito ndi fayilo ya Gerber.

Gawo 6: Onjezani zigawo ndi zomangiriza

Pakadali pano, zigawo zonse, kuphatikiza zakunja, zimalumikizidwa. Magawo onse adzadzaza pamwamba pa gawo lapansi.

Dera lakunja limapangidwa ndi fiberglass “preimpregnated” yokhala ndi epoxy resin yotchedwa preimpregnated. Pamwamba ndi pansi pa gawolo lidzakutidwa ndi zigawo zazing’ono zamkuwa zomwe zimakhala ndi mizere yazitsulo.

Tebulo lolemera lachitsulo lokhala ndi zomangira zachitsulo zolumikizira / kukanikiza. Magawo awa amamangiriridwa patebulo kuti asayende poyenda.

Ikani chithunzithunzi cha prereg patebulopo, kenako ikani gawo lake, kenako ikani mbale yamkuwa. Ma mbale ambiri amakonzedweratu, ndipo pamapeto pake zojambulazo zimamaliza.

Kompyutayo izidzasintha makina osindikizira, kutenthetsera muluwo ndikuziziritsa pamlingo woyenera.

Tsopano akatswiri adzachotsa pini ndi mbale yotsatsira kuti atsegule phukusili.

Gawo 7: Kubowola mabowo

Ino ndi nthawi yoti kuboola ma PCBS osungunuka. Mwatsatanetsatane kubowola Akamva akhoza kukwaniritsa 100 micron awiri mabowo mwandondomeko mkulu. Pang`ono ndi pneumatic ndipo ali spindle liwiro pafupifupi 300K rpm. Koma ngakhale ndi liwiro limenelo, kuboola kumatenga nthawi, chifukwa kuti bowo lililonse limatenga nthawi kuti libowole bwino. Kuzindikiritsa molondola malo pokha ndi mawonekedwe a X-ray.

Oboola mafayilo amapangidwanso ndi wopanga PCB kumayambiriro kwa wopanga PCB. Fayiloyi ikubowolera imatsimikizira kuyendetsa kwa mphindi pang’ono ndikudziwitsa komwe kubowola kuli.Mabowo awa tsopano adzakulungidwa kudzera m’mabowo ndi mabowo.

Gawo 8: Kutumiza ndi kusanja mkuwa

Pambuyo poyeretsa mosamala, gulu la PCB tsopano lasungidwa ndi mankhwala. Munthawi imeneyi, zigawo zazing’ono (1 micron wandiweyani) zamkuwa zimayikidwa pamwamba pazenera. Mkuwa umathamangira kuchigawenga. Makoma a mabowo ndi okutidwa kwathunthu ndi mkuwa. Ntchito yonse yovina ndi kuchotsa imayang’aniridwa ndi kompyuta

Gawo 9: Chithunzi chakunja

Mofanana ndi wosanjikiza wamkati, photoresist imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosanjikiza zakunja, gulu lokonzekera ndi kanema wakuda wakuda wolumikizana tsopano zatuluka mchipinda chachikaso ndi kuwala kwa ultraviolet. Photoresist imaumitsa. Gululi tsopano latsukidwa ndi makina kuti lichotse kuumitsa komwe kumatetezedwa ndi kuwonekera kwa inki yakuda.

Gawo 10: Kuyika wosanjikiza wakunja:

Mbale yosanjidwa ndi waya wosanjikiza. Pambuyo poyika mkuwa koyamba, gululi limamangiriridwa kuti lichotse mkuwa uliwonse womwe watsala mundawo. Tin panthawi yachitsulo imalepheretsa gawo lomwe likufunika kuti lisasindikizidwe ndi mkuwa. Kuchepetsa kumachotsa mkuwa wosafunikira pagawo.

Gawo 11: Etch

Mkuwa ndi mkuwa wosafunikira zichotsedwa pazotsalira zotsalira. Mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsuka mkuwa wochulukirapo. Tin, kumbali inayo, imakwirira mkuwa wofunikayo. Tsopano pamapeto pake zimabweretsa kulumikizana kolondola ndi track

Gawo 12: Kugwiritsa ntchito chigoba

Sambani kapangidwe kake ndi inki yotsekemera ya epoxy ikuphimba gululi. Kutentha kwa UV kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbaleyo kudzera mu mask yotsekemera yojambula zithunzi. Gawo lokutidwa silikhala lopanda kanthu ndipo lidzachotsedwa. Tsopano ikani bolodi loyenda mu uvuni kuti mukonze kanema wa solder.

Gawo 13: Chithandizo chapamwamba

HASL (Hot Air Solder Leveling) imapereka zowonjezera zowonjezera za PCBS. RayPCB (https://raypcb.com/pcb-fabrication/) imapereka kumiza kwa golide ndi kumiza kwa siliva HASL. HASL imapereka ngakhale mapadi. Izi zimabweretsa kumaliza.

Gawo 14: Kusindikiza pazenera

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PCBS ili kumapeto komaliza ndikuvomereza kusindikiza / kulemba kwa inkjet pamwamba. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudzana ndi PCB.

Gawo 15: Mayeso amagetsi

Gawo lomaliza ndi mayeso amagetsi a PCB yomaliza. Njira zodziwikiratu zimatsimikizira magwiridwe antchito a PCB kuti agwirizane ndi kapangidwe koyambirira. Ku RayPCB, timapereka kuyesa kwa singano zouluka kapena kuyezetsa bedi la msomali.

Gawo 16: Unikani

Gawo lomaliza ndikudula mbale kuchokera pagawo loyambirira. Router imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira imeneyi popanga zolemba zazing’ono m’mbali mwa bolodi kuti bolodi litulutsidwe mosavuta pagululo.