Lolomi laupapa matagaluega (PCB) o le maatulimanu o toeititi lava o masini eletise. O nei mea ofoofogia PCB mafai ona maua i le tele alualu i luma ma masani eletise, aofia ai Android telefoni, komipiuta feaveaʻi, komepiuta, calculator, smartwatches ma sili atu. In very basic language, a PCB is a board that routes electronic signals in a device, which results in the electrical performance and requirements of the device being set by the designer.

O le PCB aofia ai se substrate faia o FR-4 mea ma ala ‘apamemea i totonu o le matagaluega ma faʻailoga i le atoa laupapa.

Ae le i o PCB mamanu, o le eletise matagaluega tisaini tatau tatau ona asiasi i le PCB falefaigaluega falegaosimea ia malamalama atoatoa i le gafatia ma tapulaʻa o PCB gaosiga. Fale ma fale. E taua tele lenei mea ona e leʻo iloa e le tele o tagata faʻataʻitaʻi PCB tapulaʻa o falefaigaluega a le PCB ma a latou lafoina atu se pepa faʻavae i le faleoloa / falefaigaluega a le PCB, latou te toe foʻi mai ma talosagaina ni suiga e faʻafetaiaʻia le gafatia / tapulaʻa o le gaosiga o le PCB. Ae peitaʻi, afai e galue le kamupani faʻataʻamilo mo se kamupani e leai se faleoloa faleoloa a le PCB i totonu o le fale, ma faʻatau atu ai e le kamupani le galuega i faleoloa i fafo atu o le PCB, ona tatau lea ona faʻafesoʻotaʻi e le tagata gaosi oloa le kamupani gaosi lugalaina ma fesili atu mo ni tapulaʻa poʻo ni faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa faapena. e pei o le maualuga o le ipu apa memea i le minute, maualuga numera o faaputuga, maualalo aperture ma maualuga tele o panels PCB.

In this paper, we will focus on THE PCB manufacturing process, so this paper will be helpful for circuit designers to gradually understand the PCB manufacturing process, to avoid design mistakes.

PCB manufacturing process steps

Laasaga 1: PCB design ma GERBER faila

< p> O ata tisaini latou te tusia ata faʻapitoa i le polokalama CAD mo le faʻataʻatiaga o le PCB design. E tatau ona tuʻufaʻatasia le tisaini ma le kamupanī a le PCB e uiga i le polokalame faʻaoga e faʻataʻatia ai le ata PCB ina ia leai ni faʻafitauli tutusa. O le polokalama lauiloa a le CAD PCB o le Altium Designer, Eagle, ORCAD ma le Mentor PADS.

A maeʻa ona talia le PCB design mo le gaosiaina, o le a fausia e le tisainiina se faila mai le taliaina taliaina a le kamupanī PCB. O lenei faila e taʻua o le faila GERBER. Gerber files are standard files used by most PCB manufacturers to display components of the PCB layout, such as copper tracking layers and welding masks. Gerber files are 2D vector image files. O le lautele Gerber maua ai atoatoa lelei galuega faatino.

O le polokalama i ai tagata faʻaaoga / tisaini faʻamatalaina algorithms ma elemene autu e pei o le ala lautele, ipu pito avanoa, faʻasologa ma pu avanoa, ma pu lapoʻa. The algorithm is run by the designer to check for any errors in the design. A maeʻa ona faʻamaonia le mamanu, ona lafo lea i le PCB gaosi mea e siaki ai mo DFM. DFM (Manufacturing Design) checks are used to ensure minimum tolerances for PCB designs.

< b&gt; Step 2: GERBER to photo

The special printer used to print PCB photos is called a plotter. These plotters will print circuit boards on film. O nei ata e faʻaaogaina e faʻatusa ai PCBS. Plotters are very accurate in printing techniques and can provide highly detailed PCB designs.

O le pepa iila na aveʻese mai le poloka o se PCB lolomiina ma le vaitusi uliuli. In the case of the inner layer, the black ink represents the conductive copper track, while the blank part is the non-conductive part. I le isi itu, mo le pito i fafo, o le vaitusi uliuli o le a vaneina ese ma le avanoa avanoa o le a faʻaaogaina mo le ‘apamemea. These films should be stored properly to avoid unnecessary contact or fingerprints.

Each layer has its own film. O le ufiufi ufiufi ei ai se eseʻese ata. O nei ata tifaga uma e tatau ona tuʻufaʻatasia e tusia PCB gatasi. O lenei faʻatasiga PCB e maua i le fetuʻunaʻiina o le tamaʻi galuega lea e ofi iai le ata, ma e mafai ona maua le faʻavasega lelei pe a maeʻa le faʻatulagaina o le galuega. O nei ata e tatau ona i ai ni faʻavasega pu e taofi saʻo ai le tasi i le isi. O le mauaina le pine o le a ofi i totonu o le sailia pu.

Laasaga 3: Lolomiina i totonu: photoresist ma le kopa

Nei ata pue ata ua lolomiina luga apamemea foil. O le faʻavae faʻavae o le PCB e faia i le laminate. O le autu mea o epoxy resin ma tioata alava ua taʻua o le faavae mea. O le laminate mauaina le ‘apamemea e fausia ai le PCB. O le substrate maua ai se mamana tulaga mo PCBS. E ufiufi itu e lua i le kopa. O le gaioiga e aofia ai le aveʻesea o ‘apamemea e faʻaalia ai le ata o le ata.

Decontamination is important for cleaning PCBS from copper laminates. Ia mautinoa ia leai ni pefu vaega i luga ole PCB. A leai, atonu e puʻupuʻu pe matala le taʻamilosaga

Ua faaaoga nei le ata Photoresist. Photoresist e faia i photosensitive vailaʻau e faʻamaʻaʻa pe a faʻaaogaina le ultraviolet radiation. E tatau ona mautinoa o lena ata puʻe ata ma ata puʻe ata fetaui lelei.

O ata puʻe ata ma ata puʻe ata o loʻo pipii i le faʻamalamalamaga e ala ile faʻamau o pine. Lenei ua faʻaaogaina le ultraviolet radiation. O le vaitusi uliuli i luga o ata puʻeina o ata o le a poloka ai ultraviolet malamalama, ma taofia ai le ‘apamemea i lalo ma le faʻamaʻaʻaina le photoresist lalo o le uliuli vaitusi faʻailoga. O le manino itu o le a faia i UV malamalama, ma faʻamaʻaʻaina ai le sili atu photoresist o le a aveʻesea.

The plate is then cleaned with an alkaline solution to remove excess photoresist. O le matagaluega laupapa o le a mago nei.

Ua mafai nei e le PCBS ona ufiufi le uaea apamemea na faʻaaoga e fai ai taʻamilosaga ala ma mea e faʻamama ai le pala. Afai o le laupapa e lua faaputuga, ona mafai lea ona faʻaaogaina mo viliina, a leai o le a faia isi laʻasaga.

Laasaga 4: Aveʻese le ‘apamemea le manaʻomia

Use a powerful copper solvent solution to remove excess copper, just as an alkaline solution removes excess photoresist. O le ‘apamemea i lalo o le faʻamaʻaʻaina ata e le aveʻesea.

O le ua avea nei ua faʻamaʻaina photoresist o le a aveʻese e puipuia le manaʻomia apamemea. E faia lea ile fufulu ese ole PCB ile isi vai e mafai ona soli.

Laʻasaga 5: Faʻatulagaina laina ma asiasiga vaʻaia

After all the layers have been prepared, they align with each other. This can be done by stamping the registration hole as described in the previous step. E tuu e le au tekinolosi ia faaputuga uma i totonu ole masini e taʻua ole “punch optic.” Lenei masini o le a tuʻi pu pupuʻu.

The number of layers placed and errors that occur cannot be reversed.

O le otometi opitika detector o le a faʻaaogaina se leisa e iloa ai ni faʻaletonu ma faʻatusatusa le numera numera i se Gerber faila.

Sitepu 6: Faʻaopopo faʻaputuga ma fusifusia

I lenei laasaga, o vaega uma, e aofia ai le pito i fafo, ua faʻapipiʻi faʻatasi. O faaputuga uma o le a teu i luga o le substrate.

O le pito i fafo e faia i le fiberglass “preimpregnated” ma le epoxy resin e taua o le preimpregnated. O le pito i luga ma lalo o le substrate o le a ufiufiina i manifinifi apamemea faapipii laina ma apamemea sailia laina.

Laulau uamea mamafa ma fusi uʻamea mo fusi / faapipii faaputuga. These layers are tightly fastened to the table to avoid movement during calibration.

Faatu le prepreg layer luga o le calibration table, ona faʻapipiʻi lea o le substrate layer luga, ona tuʻu ai lea o le ipu kopa. Sili atu prepreg ipu ua tuʻuina i se tutusa faiga, ma mulimuli ane o le alumini pepa alumini maeʻa le faʻaputuga.

O le komepiuta o le a otometi le gaioiga o le masini fetaomi, faʻamafanafana le faʻaputuga ma faʻamaluluina ia i se faʻatonutonu fua.

Lenei o le a aveese e le au inisinia le pine ma le ipu unaia e tatala ai le afifi.

Laasaga 7: Vili pu

Lenei ua oʻo i le taimi e vili ai pu i le faʻapipiʻi PCBS. E mafai ona ausia e le faʻatutuina o pu o le 100 micron diameter diameter ma le maualuga atoatoa. The bit is pneumatic and has a spindle speed of about 300K RPM. But even with that speed, the drilling process takes time, because each hole takes time to drill perfectly. Faamaoniga saʻo o le tulaga laititi ma faʻailoga faʻavae X-ray faʻavae.

Drilling files are also generated by the PCB designer at an early stage for the PCB manufacturer. O lenei faila viliina fuafuaina le gaioiga minute o le laʻititi ma fuafua le nofoaga o le vili.These holes will now become plated through holes and holes.

Sitepu 8: Faʻamaonia ma le faʻamamaina o le kopa

I le maeʻa ai o le faʻamamaina ma le faʻaeteete, o le PCB vaega ua faʻamamaina nei i le kemikolo. I lenei vaitaimi, o manifinifi faaputuga (1 micron mafiafia) o apamemea ua teuina i luga o le vaega. E tafe le kopa i totonu o le lua. O puipui o pu e ufiufi atoa i le kopa. O le atoa gaioiga o fufui ma aveʻese e pulea e se komepiuta

Sitepu 9: Faʻatusa le pito i fafo

As with the inner layer, photoresist is applied to the outer layer, the prepreg panel and the black ink film connected together have now burst in the yellow room with ultraviolet light. Photoresist hardens. O le laulau ua fufuluina nei e le masini e aveʻese le faʻamalosi teteʻe puipuia e le opacity o le uliuli vaitusi.

Laasaga 10: Plating fafo vaega:

O se ipu eletise faʻatasi ma se manifinifi apa memea. Ina ua maeʻa le muamua apamemea plating, o le vaega ua faʻaigoa e aveʻese soʻo se ‘apa memea i luga o le ipu. Tin i le taimi o le etching vaega puipuia le manaʻomia vaega o le vaega mai le faʻamauina e le kopa. Etching removes unwanted copper from the panel.

Step 11: Etch

Apamemea ma apamemea le manaʻomia o le a aveʻesea mai le toe vaega tetee. O vailaʻau e faʻaaoga e fufulu ai le ‘apamemea e sili atu. Tin, on the other hand, covers the required copper. Ua oʻo atu nei lava i le saʻo fesoʻotaʻiga ma ala

Step 12: Welding mask application

Faamama le vaega ma epoxy solder poloka vaitusi o le a ufiufi le vaega. UV radiation o loʻo faʻaogaina i le ipu ala i le uʻamea masini ata puʻe ata puʻe. O le vaega ufiufi tumau pea le puipuia ma o le a aveʻesea. Now place the circuit board in the oven to repair the solder film.

Laasaga 13: Togafitiga luga

HASL (Hot Air Solder Leveling) faʻaopopo faʻaopopo soldering agavaʻa mo PCBS. RayPCB (https://raypcb.com/pcb-fabrication/) ofaina le faʻatofuina auro ma le faʻatofuina ario HASL. HASL saunia lava pads. E mafua ai le maeʻa i luga.

Laasaga 14: Lomiaina o lau

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PCBS o loʻo i le vaega mulimuli ma talia inkjet lolomiga / tusitusiga i luga. E faʻaaogaina lea e fai ma sui o faʻamatalaga taua e fesoʻotaʻi ma le PCB.

Laasaga 15: Suʻega eletise

Ole vaega mulimuli ole suʻega eletise ole PCB mulimuli. The automatic process verifies the PCB’s functionality to match the original design. I le RayPCB, matou te ofaina lele nila suʻega poʻo tuiina moega suʻega.

Laasaga 16: Iloilo

O le laʻasaga mulimuli o le tipiina o le ipu mai le amataga vaega. O le router e faʻaaogaina mo lenei faʻamoemoe e ala i le faia o ni igoa laʻititi i autafa o le laupapa ina ia mafai ai ona faigofie ona faʻateʻia le laupapa mai le vaega.