Ishicilelwe ibhodi yesekethe (I-PCB) lilitye lembombo phantse kuzo zonke izixhobo ze-elektroniki. Ezi PCB zimangalisayo zingafunyanwa kwizinto ezininzi ze-elektroniki eziphambili kunye nezisisiseko, kubandakanya iifowuni ze-Android, iilaptops, iikhompyuter, iikhalityhuleyitha, iiwotshi kunye nokunye. Ngolwimi olusisiseko, i-PCB yibhodi ehambisa imiqondiso ye-elektroniki kwisixhobo, esikhokelela ekusebenzeni kombane kunye neemfuno zesixhobo ezibekwe ngumyili.

I-PCB ine-substrate eyenziwe ngezinto ze-FR-4 kunye neendlela zobhedu kwisekethe nganye ngemiqondiso kuyo yonke ibhodi.

Phambi koyilo lwe-PCB, umyili wesekethe we-elektroniki kufuneka atyelele umasifundisane wokuvelisa we-PCB ukuze abuqonde ngokupheleleyo ubungakanani kunye nokusikelwa umda kwemveliso ye-PCB. Izixhobo. Oku kubalulekile kuba abayili abaninzi be-PCB abakwazi ukusikelwa umda kwezixhobo zokwenza i-PCB kwaye xa bethumela uxwebhu loyilo kwivenkile / indawo yokuvelisa ye-PCB, bayabuya bacele utshintsho ukuze bahlangabezane nomthamo / umda wenkqubo yokuvelisa ye-PCB. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umyili wesekethe usebenzela inkampani engenayo ivenkile yangaphakathi ye-PCB yokuthengisa, kwaye inkampani ikhuphela umsebenzi kumzi-mveliso wokuvelisa we-PCB welinye ilizwe, ke umyili kufuneka aqhakamshele nomenzi we-Intanethi kwaye acele imida okanye iinkcukacha ezinjalo. Ubukhulu bepleyiti yobhedu ubuninzi ngomzuzu, ubuninzi beetafile, ukuvulwa komncinci kunye nobukhulu obukhulu beepaneli zePCB.

Kweli phepha, siza kugxila KWINKQUBO inkqubo yokuvelisa i-PCB, ke eli phepha liya kuba luncedo kubaqulunqi besekethe ukuze baqonde ngokuthe chu inkqubo yokuvelisa i-PCB, ukunqanda iimpazamo zoyilo.

Inkqubo yokuvelisa i-PCB

Inyathelo 1: uyilo lwePCB kunye neefayile zeGERBER

< p&gt; Abaqulunqi beesekethe bazobe imifanekiso ye-CAD kwisoftware yoyilo lwe-PCB. Umyili kufuneka alungelelanise nomenzi wePCB malunga nesoftware esetyenzisiweyo ukuyila uyilo lwePCB ukuze kungabikho ngxaki yokuhambelana. Eyona software idumileyo yeCAD PCB yoyilo yiAltium Designer, Eagle, ORCAD kunye neMentor PADS.

Emva kokuba uyilo lwe-PCB lwamkelwe ukwenziwa, umyili uyakuvelisa ifayile kuyilo olwamkelekileyo lomenzi we-PCB. Le fayile ibizwa ngokuba yifayile ye-GERBER. Iifayile zeGerber ziifayile ezisemgangathweni ezisetyenziswa ngabenzi abaninzi be-PCB ukubonisa ubume bePCB, ezinje ngemigangatho yokulandelela ubhedu kunye neemaski zokuwelda. Iifayile zeGerber ziifayile zemifanekiso ye-2D vector. I-Gerber eyandisiweyo ibonelela ngemveliso efanelekileyo.

Isoftware ine-algorithms yomsebenzisi / yomyili echaziweyo enezinto eziphambili ezinje ngobubanzi bomkhondo, isithuba somda wepleyiti, umkhondo kunye nendawo yomngxunya, kunye nobungakanani bomngxunya. Ialgorithm iqhutywa ngumyili ukukhangela naziphi na iimpazamo kuyilo. Emva kokuba uyilo luqinisekisiwe, luthunyelwa kumenzi wePCB apho lutshekishwa khona iDFM. I-DFM (Uyilo lweMveliso) iitshekhi zisetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukunyamezelana okuncinci koyilo lwe-PCB.

< b&gt; Inyathelo 2: GERBER ukuthatha ifoto

Umshicileli okhethekileyo osetyenziselwa ukuprinta iifoto ze-PCB ubizwa ngokuba ngumyili wesakhiwo. Aba bacwangcisi baya kuprinta iibhodi zesekethe kwifilimu. Ezi bhanyabhanya zisetyenziselwa umfanekiso wePCBS. Amacebo eplotter achaneke kakhulu kubuchule bokushicilela kwaye anokubonelela ngokuyila kwePCB eneenkcukacha.

Iphepha leplastiki elisuswe kumatshini wokwenza iyelenqe yi-PCB eprintwe nge-inki emnyama. Kwimeko yomaleko ongaphakathi, i-inki emnyama imele umkhondo wobhedu oqhubayo, ngelixa icandelo elingenanto liyinxalenye engakhange iqhube. Kwelinye icala, ngomaleko ongaphandle, i-inki emnyama iya kususwa kwaye indawo engenanto iya kusetyenziselwa ubhedu. Ezi bhanyabhanya kufuneka zigcinwe ngokufanelekileyo ukunqanda ukudibana okungafunekiyo okanye iminwe.

Uluhlu ngalunye lunefilimu yalo. Isigqumathelo se-welding sinefilimu eyahlukileyo. Zonke ezi bhanyabhanya kufuneka zilungelelaniswe kunye ukwenza ulungelelwaniso lwePCB. Ukulungelelaniswa kwe-PCB kufezekiswa ngokulungelelanisa ibhentshi yomsebenzi apho ifilimu ingena khona, kwaye ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo lunokufezekiswa emva kokulinganiswa okuncinci kwebhentshi. Ezi bhanyabhanya kufuneka zibe nemingxunya yokulungelelana ukuze ibambe ngokuchanekileyo. Isikhonkwane sokukhangela siya kulungelana nomngxuma wokufumana indawo.

Inyathelo 3: Ukuprintwa kwangaphakathi: ifotoresist kunye nobhedu

Ezi bhanyabhanya zifotwayo ngoku zishicilelwe kwiifoyile zobhedu. Isakhiwo esisiseko sePCB senziwe ngelaminate. Izinto ezisisiseko yi-epoxy resin kunye nefayibha yeglasi ebizwa ngokuba sisiseko sezinto. I-laminate ifumana ubhedu olwenza i-PCB. I-substrate ibonelela ngeqonga elinamandla le-PCBS. Omabini amacala agqunywe ngobhedu. Inkqubo ibandakanya ukususa ubhedu ukuveza uyilo lwefilimu.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kubalulekile ekucoceni i-PCBS kwii-laminates zobhedu. Qiniseka ukuba akukho masuntswana othuli kwi-PCB. Ngaphandle koko, isekethe inokuba mfutshane okanye ivuleke

Ifilimu yefotoresist ngoku iyasetyenziswa. I-Photoresist yenziwe ngamachiza e-photosensitive aqina xa kusetyenziswa i-radiation ye-ultraviolet. Kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba ifilimu yokufota kunye nefotoresist ifanelana ngqo.

Ezi bhanyabhanya zeefoto kunye neefotolithographic ziqhotyoshelwe kwilaminate ngokulungisa izikhonkwane. Ngoku kusetyenziswa imitha yelanga. I-inki emnyama kwifilimu yokufota iya kuthintela ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwe ubhedu ngaphantsi kwaye kungayenzi lukhuni ifotoresist phantsi kwe-inki emnyama. Indawo evulekileyo iya kufakwa kukukhanya kwe-UV, ngaloo ndlela iqina ifotoresist engaphezulu eya kususwa.

Ipleyiti ke iyacocwa ngesisombululo sealkali ukususa ifotoresist engaphezulu. Ibhodi yesekethe ngoku iya koma.

I-PCBS ngoku inokugubungela iingcingo zobhedu ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza iithrekhi zesekethe ezinokugxotha umhlwa. Ukuba ibhodi ngamanqanaba amabini, iya kusetyenziswa ukubhola, kungenjalo kuya kuthathwa amanye amanyathelo.

Inyathelo 4: Susa ubhedu olungafunekiyo

Sebenzisa isisombululo esinamandla sobhedu ekususeni ubhedu obuninzi, njengoko isisombululo sealkali sisusa ifotoresist engaphezulu. Ubhedu phantsi kwefotoresist elukhuni aluyi kususwa.

Ifotoresist ngoku eqinileyo iya kususwa ukukhusela ubhedu olufunekayo. Oku kwenziwa ngokuhlamba i-PCB ngesinye isinyibilikisi.

Inyathelo 5: Ukulungelelaniswa kobeko kunye nokuhlolwa kokubonakalayo

Emva kokuba zonke iileyili zilungisiwe, ziyahambelana. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokutywina umngxunya wokubhalisa njengoko kuchaziwe kwinqanaba langaphambili. Iingcali zibeka zonke izaleko kumatshini obizwa ngokuba yi “optical punch.” Lo matshini uya kubetha imingxunya ngokuchanekileyo.

Inani leendlela ezibekiweyo kunye neempazamo ezenzekayo azinakubuyiselwa umva.

Umtshini wokujonga ngokuzenzekelayo uya kusebenzisa i-laser ukukhangela naziphi na iziphene kwaye uthelekise umfanekiso wedijithali kwifayile yeGerber.

Inyathelo 6: Yongeza iileya kunye nokubopha

Kule nqanaba, zonke iileyili, kubandakanywa umaleko wangaphandle, zinamathele ndawonye. Zonke iileya ziya kufakwa ngaphezulu kwe-substrate.

Uluhlu lwangaphandle lwenziwe nge-fiberglass “preregregated” ene-epoxy resin ebizwa ngokuba yi-preimpregnated. Umphezulu kunye nezantsi kwe-substrate ziya kugutyungelwa ngamacwecwe obhedu amdaka afakwe ngemigca yokulandela ubhedu.

Itafile yesinyithi enzima enesinyithi sokubopha / ukucofa. Olu luhlu luboshwe ngokuqinileyo etafileni ukunqanda intshukumo ngexesha lokulinganisa.

Faka umaleko wokulungiselela kwitafile yokulinganisa, emva koko ufake umaleko ongaphantsi kuyo, emva koko ubeke ipleyiti yobhedu. Amacwecwe angaphambi kokubekwa abekwa ngendlela efanayo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ifoyile yealuminium igcwalisa isitaki.

Ikhompyuter iya kwenza inkqubo ye-press isebenze, ifudumeze isitaki kwaye iyipholise kwinqanaba elilawulwayo.

Ngoku amagcisa aya kususa ipini kunye noxinzelelo lweplate ukuvula iphakheji.

Inyathelo 7: Qhuba imingxunya

Ngoku lixesha lokumba imingxunya kwi-PCBS efumanekileyo. Precision drill amasuntswana unako ukufikelela 100 micron ubukhulu imingxuma ngobuciko eliphezulu. Isuntswana lomoya kwaye linesantya sokuluka malunga ne-300K RPM. Kodwa kwanangoko isantya, inkqubo yokomba ithatha ixesha, kuba umngxunya ngamnye uthatha ixesha ukubhola ngokugqibeleleyo. Ukuchongwa ngokuchanekileyo kwesithuba esincinci kunye neefayile ezisekwe kwi-X-ray.

Iifayile zokomba nazo ziveliswa ngumyili we-PCB kwinqanaba lokuqala lomenzi we-PCB. Le fayile yokomba imisela ukuhamba komzuzu kunye nokuchonga indawo yokuqhuba.Le mingxunya ngoku iya kutywinwa ngemingxunya nakwimingxunya.

Inyathelo 8: Ukufakwa kwesingxobo kunye nobhedu

Emva kokucoca ngononophelo, iphaneli ye-PCB ngoku ifakwa ngokwemichiza. Ngeli xesha, umaleko obhityileyo ubekwe (1 micron ubukhulu) bobhedu. Ubhedu lungena kumngxuma wesitsala-manzi. Iindonga zemingxuma zenziwe ngobhedu ngokupheleleyo. Yonke inkqubo yokudipha nokususa ilawulwa yikhompyuter

Inyathelo 9: Umfanekiso womaleko wangaphandle

Njengakwingqimba yangaphakathi, ifotoresist isetyenziselwa umaleko ongaphandle, ipaneli ye-prepreg kunye nefilimu emnyama yeinki edityaniswe kunye ngoku sele iqhume kwigumbi elityheli kunye nokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet. Ifotoresist iyanzima. Iphaneli ngoku ihlanjwe ngumatshini ukususa ukomelela okukhuselweyo kukungabonakali kwe-inki emnyama.

Inyathelo 10: Ukubeka umaleko ongaphandle:

Isitya esenziwe ngombane esinoqweqwe lobhedu olucekeceke. Emva kwesingxobo sobhedu sokuqala, iphaneli yenziwa ngetini ukuze kususwe nabuphi ubhedu olushiyekileyo kwipleyiti. I-Tin ngexesha lesigaba sokutsala kuthintela isahlulo esifunekayo sephaneli ekutywinweni ngobhedu. Ukutsalwa kususa ubhedu olungafunekiyo kwiphaneli.

Inyathelo 11: Etch

Ubhedu olungafunekiyo kunye nobhedu ziya kususwa kulwahlulo lwamachiza ashiyekileyo. Iikhemikhali zisetyenziselwa ukucoca ubhedu obugqithisileyo. I-Tin, kwelinye icala, igubungela ubhedu olufunekayo. Ngoku kukhokelela kunxibelelwano oluchanekileyo kunye nomkhondo

Inyathelo 12: Ukusetyenziswa kwemaski yesinyithi

Ukucoca iphaneli kunye ne-epoxy solder blocking inki iya kugubungela iphaneli. Imitha ye-UV isetyenziswa kwipleyiti ngokusebenzisa imask yokufota ifilimu yokufota. Inxalenye egqunywe ngaphezulu ihlala ingaphendulwanga kwaye iya kususwa. Ngoku beka ibhodi yesekethe ehovini ukulungisa ifilimu ye-solder.

Inyathelo 13: unyango umphezulu

I-HASL (Amanqanaba eSolder yomoya oshushu) ibonelela ngokongeza amandla okuthengisa nge-PCBS. I-RayPCB (https://raypcb.com/pcb-fabrication/) ibonelela ngokuntywiliselwa ngegolide kunye nokuntywiliselwa ngesilivere i-HASL. I-HASL ibonelela ngeepads. Oku kubangela ukugqitywa komphezulu.

Inyathelo 14: Ukuprinta kwescreen

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Ii-PCBS zikwisigaba sokugqibela kwaye zamkela ukushicilelwa kwe-inkjet / ukubhala ngaphezulu. Oku kusetyenziselwa ukumela ulwazi olubalulekileyo olunxulumene ne-PCB.

Inyathelo 15: Uvavanyo lombane

Inqanaba lokugqibela luvavanyo lombane lwe-PCB yokugqibela. Inkqubo ezenzekelayo iqinisekisa ukusebenza kwePBB yokutshatisa uyilo lwantlandlolo. E-RayPCB, sinikezela ngovavanyo lwenaliti ephaphazelayo okanye uvavanyo lwebhedi yezikhonkwane.

Inyathelo 16: Hlalutya

Inyathelo lokugqibela kukusika isitya kwipaneli yokuqala. I-router isetyenziselwa le njongo ngokwenza iilebheli ezincinci ecaleni kwemiphetho yebhodi ukuze ibhodi ikhutshwe ngokulula kwipaneli.