Yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi (PCB) ndiro dombo repakona remidziyo yese yemagetsi. Aya maPBB anoshamisa anogona kuwanikwa mune akawanda epamberi uye epamberi emagetsi, anosanganisira Android nhare, malaptop, makomputa, macalculator, smartwatches uye nezvimwe. Mumutauro wakanyanya, PCB ibhodhi inoendesa masaini emagetsi muchigadzirwa, izvo zvinoguma nekuita kwemagetsi nezvinodiwa zvechigadzirwa zvichisetwa nemugadziri.

Iyo PCB ine substrate yakaitwa yeFR-4 zvinhu uye nzira dzemhangura mudunhu rese nezviratidzo mubhodhi.

Pamberi pePCB dhizaini, yemagetsi wedunhu dhizaini anofanirwa kushanyira iyo PCB yekugadzira musangano kuti anzwisise zvakakwana kugona uye kukwana kwePBB yekugadzira. Zvivakwa. Izvi zvakakosha nekuti vagadziri vePCB vazhinji havazive kutadza kwenzvimbo dzePBB dzekugadzira uye pavanotumira gwaro rekugadzira kuchitoro chePBB yekugadzira / chivakwa, vanodzoka ndokukumbira shanduko kuti vasangane nekwaniso / miganho yePCB yekugadzira maitiro. Nekudaro, kana wedunhu dhizaini achishandira kambani isina imba-yekugadzira pcb shop, uye kambani ikapa iro basa kune yekunze pcb yekugadzira fekitori, ipapo mugadziri anofanira kutaura nemugadziri online ndokumbira miganho kana kutaurwa kwakadai. sehupamhi hwemhangura yeplata kukora paminiti, huwandu hwakawanda hwematanda, kuvhurika kushoma uye saizi yakakura yemapaneli ePBB.

In this paper, we will focus on THE PCB manufacturing process, so this paper will be helpful for circuit designers to gradually understand the PCB manufacturing process, to avoid design mistakes.

Pcb yekugadzira maitiro matanho

Nhanho 1: PCB dhizaini uye maGERBER mafaera

< p&gt; Vagadziri vematunhu vanodhirowa madhizaimamu muCAD software yekumisikidza pcb dhizaini. Mugadziri anofanirwa kufambidzana nemugadziri wePBB nezve software yakashandiswa kuyananisa dhizaini yePBB kuitira kuti pasave nenyaya dzekuenderana. Iyo inonyanya kufarirwa CAD PCB dhizaini software ndeyeAltium Dhizaini, Gondo, ORCAD uye Mentor PADS.

Mushure mekugadzirwa kwePBB kwakagamuchirwa kwekugadzira, dhizaina achaburitsa faira kubva kugadziriro inogamuchirwa inogadzira pcbg. Iyi faira inonzi GERBER faira. MaGerber mafaera akajairwa mafaira anoshandiswa nevazhinji vagadziri vePCB kuratidza zvikamu zvePBB dhizaini, senge mhangura yekutevera materu uye masiki emoto. Gerber files are 2D vector image files. Iyo yakawedzerwa Gerber inopa yakakwana kuburitsa.

Iyo software ine mushandisi / dhizaini yakatsanangurwa maalgorithms ane akakosha zvinhu senge track upamhi, ndiro kumucheto spacing, trace uye gomba nzvimbo, uye gomba saizi. The algorithm is run by the designer to check for any errors in the design. Mushure mekugadzirwa kwacho kwasimbiswa, inotumirwa kumugadziri wePBB uko kunoongororwa DFM. DFM (Kugadzira Dhizaini) macheki anoshandiswa kuona kushomeka kushivirira kwePCB dhizaini.

< b&gt; Step 2: GERBER to photo

Iyo yakasarudzika purinda inoshandiswa kudhinda PCB mapikicha inonzi inorangana. Aya marongero anodhinda mabhodhi edunhu pane firimu. Aya mafirimu anoshandiswa kuverengera PCBS. Plotters are very accurate in printing techniques and can provide highly detailed PCB designs.

Pepa repurasitiki rakabviswa murongedzero iPCB yakadhindwa neingi nhema. In the case of the inner layer, the black ink represents the conductive copper track, while the blank part is the non-conductive part. Kune rimwe divi, kune iyo yekunze layer, iyo inki nhema ichatemwa kure uye iyo isina chinhu nzvimbo ichashandiswa iyo yemhangura. Aya mafirimu anofanirwa kuchengetwa nemazvo kudzivirira kusangana zvisina basa kana zvigunwe zvemunwe.

Chimwe nechimwe chine firimu rayo. Iyo mask yekunamatira ine yega firimu. Aya mafirimu ese anofanirwa kuumbana pamwechete kudhirowa pcb alignment. Iko kuenderana kwePCBB kunoitwa nekugadzirisa iyo bhenji rebasa iro firimu rinokodzera, uye kuenderana kwakaringana kunogona kuwanikwa mushure mekuyerwa kudiki kwebhenji rebasa. Aya mafirimu anofanirwa kuve nemakomba ekuyananisira kuti abatanidzane chaizvo. Pini yekuwana inokwana mukati megomba rekutsvaga.

Nhanho 3: Kudhinda kwemukati: photoresist uye mhangura

Aya mafirimu mafoto izvozvi akadhindwa pamhangura foil. Icho chimiro chakakosha chePCB chakagadzirwa ne laminate. Iyo yepakati zvinhu ndeye epoxy resin uye girazi fiber inonzi yepasi zvinhu. Iyo laminate inogamuchira iyo mhangura inogadzira iyo PCB. Iyo substrate inopa yakasimba chikuva chePCBS. Mativi ese ari maviri akafukidzwa nendarira. Maitiro acho anosanganisira kubvisa mhangura kuratidza dhizaini yefirimu.

Decontamination is important for cleaning PCBS from copper laminates. Ita shuwa kuti hapana guruva pazvinhu paPCB. Zvikasadaro, iyo dunhu inogona kunge ipfupi kana kuvhurika

Photoresist firimu yava kushandiswa. Photoresist inogadzirwa nemaphotosensitive makemikari anoomesa kana ultraviolet radiation yaiswa. Inofanira kuve nechokwadi chekuti mafoto mafirimu uye photoresist firimu anoenderana chaizvo.

Aya mafoto uye Photolithographic mafirimu akasungirirwa kune iyo laminate nekugadzirisa mapini. Iye zvino ultraviolet radiation inoiswa. Iyo inki nhema pane yekutora firimu ichavhara ultraviolet mwenje, nokudaro ichidzivirira mhangura pasi uye kwete kuomesa iyo photoresist pasi peye nhema inki zvisaririra. Iyo yakajeka nzvimbo ichaiswa kune UV mwenje, nokudaro ichiomesa iyo yakawandisa photoresist iyo ichabviswa.

Ndiro yacho inozoshambidzwa nealkaline solution kubvisa yakawandisa photoresist. Dunhu redunhu zvino richaoma.

PCBS ikozvino inokwanisa kuvhara waya dzemhangura dzinoshandiswa kugadzira matunhu edunhu neanodzora ngura. Kana bhodhi iri zvidimbu zviviri, zvino rinoshandiswa pakuboora, zvikasadaro mamwe matanho achatorwa.

Nhanho 4: Bvisa mhangura isingadiwe

Use a powerful copper solvent solution to remove excess copper, just as an alkaline solution removes excess photoresist. Mhangura iri pasi peye akaomarara photoresist haizobviswa.

Iye zvino akaomeswa fotoresist achabviswa kuchengetedza mhangura inodiwa. Izvi zvinoitwa nekugeza pcb imwe neimwe solvent.

Nhanho 5: Kurongedzwa kwechikamu uye kuongorora kwemaziso

Mushure mokunge matseji ese agadzirwa, anoenderana pamwe chete. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa nekudhinda gomba rekunyora sezvakatsanangurwa mudanho rekutanga. Technicians place all the layers in a machine called an “optical punch.” Muchina uyu unorova maburi nenzira kwayo.

Huwandu hwematanho akaiswa uye zvikanganiso zvinoitika hazvigone kudzoserwa.

An otomatiki Optical detector inoshandisa laser kuona chero hurema uye kuenzanisa iyo digital mufananidzo kune Gerber faira.

Nhanho 6: Wedzera zvidimbu uye zvisungo

Panguva ino, zvese zvidimbu, kusanganisira rekunze, zvakasunganidzwa pamwechete. Matunhu ese anozoiswa pamusoro peiyo substrate.

Rukoko rwekunze rwakagadzirwa ne fiberglass “preimpregnated” ine epoxy resin inonzi preimpregnated. Iyo yepamusoro uye yepasi peiyo substrate ichafukidzwa nematete matete emhangura akaiswa nemhangura yekuteedzera mitsara.

Heavy simbi tafura ine simbi inosungisa yekubatanidza / kudzvanya materu. Aya matanda akasungirirwa zvakanyanya patafura kuti zvidzivise kufamba panguva yekuyera.

Isa iyo prereg layer pane iyo calibration tafura, wobva waisa iyo substrate layer pairi, uye woisa ndiro yemhangura. Mamwe mapepa ekugadzirira akaiswa nenzira yakafanana, uye pakupedzisira iyo aluminium pepa inopedzisa stack.

Iyo komputa ichagadzirisa mashandiro emuchina, ichipisa iyo stack uye kuitonhodza pamwero unodzorwa.

Iye zvino mahunyanzvi achabvisa pini uye yekumanikidza ndiro yekuvhura pasuru.

Nhanho 7: Boora maburi

Ino yave nguva yekuboora maburi muakaturikidzana PCBS. Nemazvo chibooreso matomu anogona kuzadzisa 100 micron dhayamita makomba dzakakwirira nemazvo. Iyo bit pneumatic uye ine spindle kumhanya ingangoita 300K RPM. Asi kunyangwe iine kumhanya ikoko, iko kudhizaini kunotora nguva, nekuti gomba rega rega rinotora nguva kuboora zvakakwana. Kuzivikanwa kwakaringana kwechinzvimbo chinzvimbo neX-ray yakavakirwa zvitupa.

Kuchera mafaera anogadzirwawo nePCB dhizaina padanho rekutanga remugadziri wePBB. Iyi yekuboora faira inosarudza iyo mineti kufamba kweiyo bit uye inosarudza nzvimbo yekuboora.Makomba aya anozoputirwa nemakomba nemakomba.

Nhanho 8: kuputira uye kuisa mhangura

Mushure mekuchenjerera kuchenesa, iyo pcb pani ikozvino yemakemikari yakaiswa. During this time, thin layers (1 micron thick) of copper are deposited on the surface of the panel. Mhangura inoyerera ichipinda muchibhorani. Masvingo emakomba acho akazara nendarira. Maitiro ese ekunyudza uye kubvisa anotongwa nekombuta

Nhanho 9: Mufananidzo wekunze kwekunze

As with the inner layer, photoresist is applied to the outer layer, the prepreg panel and the black ink film connected together have now burst in the yellow room with ultraviolet light. Photoresist hardens. Iyo pani zvino yagezwa nemuchina kubvisa kuomesa kuramba kunodzivirirwa neopacity yeinki nhema.

Nhanho 10: Kufukidza yekunze dura:

Ndiro yakasarudzika ine tambo yemhangura yakatetepa. Mushure mekutanga mhangura, iyo jira rakanamirwa kubvisa chero mhangura yakasara mundiro. Tin panguva yekuchinjisa inodzivirira chikamu chinodiwa chepaneru kubva pakuvharwa nemhangura. Etching removes unwanted copper from the panel.

Nhanho 11: Etch

Mhangura isingadiwe nemhangura zvichabviswa kubva pane zvakasara zvinodzivirira. Mishonga inoshandiswa kuchenesa mhangura yakawandisa. Tin, kune rumwe rutivi, inovhara mhangura inodiwa. Ikozvino pakupedzisira inotungamira kune chaiyo kubatana uye track

Nhanho 12: Welding mask application

Chenesa pani uye epoxy solder inovhara inki ichavhara iyo pani. UV radiation inoiswa kune iyo ndiro kuburikidza neyakagadzika masiki emifananidzo firimu. Chikamu chakafukidzwa chinoramba chisina kunyorerwa uye chinobviswa. Zvino isa bhodhi redunhu muchoto kuti gadzirise iyo solder firimu.

Nhanho 13: Surface kurapwa

HASL (Hot Mhepo Solder Nhanho) inopa yakawedzera soldering kugona kwePCBS. RayPCB (https://raypcb.com/pcb-fabrication/) inopa kunyudzwa kwegoridhe uye kunyudza sirivheri HASL. HASL inopa kunyange mapads. Izvi zvinoguma nekumusoro kwekupedzisira.

Nhanho 14: Screen yekudhinda

< p&gt;

PCBS iri muchikamu chekupedzisira uye inogamuchira inkjet kudhinda / kunyora pamusoro. Izvi zvinoshandiswa kumiririra rakakosha ruzivo rwakanangana nePCB.

Nhanho 15: Bvunzo yemagetsi

Chikamu chekupedzisira ndiko kuyedzwa kwemagetsi kwePBB yekupedzisira. The automatic process verifies the PCB’s functionality to match the original design. PaRayPCB, isu tinopa kubhururuka kwetsono kuyedzwa kana kuyedzwa kwembambo yemubhedha.

Nhanho 16: Ongorora

Nhanho yekupedzisira ndeyekucheka ndiro kubva pane yepakutanga jira. Iyo rauta inoshandiswa nechinangwa ichi nekugadzira zvinyorwa zvidiki padivi pemakona ebhodhi kuitira kuti bhodhi rikwanise kuburitswa nyore nyore kubva panhare.