Ephrintiwe wesifunda ibhodi (PCB) itshe legumbi cishe lawo wonke amadivayisi kagesi. La ma-PCB amangalisayo atholakala kuma-elekthronikhi amaningi athuthukile futhi ayisisekelo, kufaka phakathi izingcingo ze-Android, ama-laptops, amakhompyutha, ama-calculator, ama-smartwatches nokuningi. Ngolimi oluyisisekelo, i-PCB ibhodi elihambisa amasiginali we-elekthronikhi, okuholela ekusebenzeni kukagesi nezidingo zedivayisi ezibekwa ngumqambi.

I-PCB iqukethe i-substrate eyenziwe ngezinto ze-FR-4 ezibonakalayo nezindlela zethusi kulo lonke isifunda ngamasiginali kulo lonke ibhodi.

Ngaphambi kokuklanywa kwe-PCB, umklami wesifunda we-elekthronikhi kufanele avakashele umhlangano wokukhiqiza we-PCB ukuze aqonde ngokuphelele amandla nemikhawulo yokukhiqizwa kwe-PCB. Izikhungo. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba abaklami abaningi be-PCB abakwazi ukulinganiselwa kwezindawo zokukhiqiza ze-PCB futhi lapho bethumela idokhumenti yokwakha esitolo / indawo yokukhiqiza ye-PCB, bayabuya futhi bacele izinguquko ukuhlangabezana namandla / imikhawulo yenqubo yokukhiqiza ye-PCB. Kodwa-ke, uma umklami wesekethe esebenza enkampanini engenaso isitolo sokukhiqiza se-PCB, futhi inkampani idlulisela lo msebenzi endaweni yokukhiqiza i-PCB yakwamanye amazwe, khona-ke umklami kufanele axhumane nomenzi we-inthanethi acele imikhawulo noma imininingwane ethile njengobukhulu bepuleti lethusi ngomzuzu, inombolo enkulu yezendlalelo, ukuvula okuncane kanye nosayizi omkhulu wamaphaneli e-PCB.

Kuleli phepha, sizogxila enqubeni yokukhiqiza ye-PCB, ngakho-ke leli phepha lizosiza abaklami besifunda ukuthi baqonde kancane kancane inqubo yokukhiqiza ye-PCB, ukugwema amaphutha wokuklama.

Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-PCB izinyathelo

Isinyathelo 1: Ukwakhiwa kwe-PCB namafayela we-GERBER

< p> Abakhi besekethe badweba imidwebo yesikimu kusoftware ye-CAD yokwakheka kwe-PCB design. Umklami kufanele axhumane nomkhiqizi we-PCB mayelana nesoftware esetshenziselwe ukubeka ukwakheka kwe-PCB ukuze kungabikho zinkinga zokuhambisana. Isoftware edume kakhulu yeCAD PCB is Altium Designer, Eagle, ORCAD and Mentor PADS.

Ngemuva kokuthi ukwakheka kwe-PCB kwamukelwe ukwenziwa, umklami uzokhiqiza ifayela kusuka kumklamo owamukelwe womkhiqizi we-PCB. Leli fayela libizwa ngefayela le-GERBER. Amafayela amaGerber ngamafayela ajwayelekile asetshenziswa abakhiqizi abaningi be-PCB ukukhombisa ukwakheka kwe-PCB, okufana nezendlalelo zokulandela ithusi nezimaski zokushisela. Amafayela we-Gerber angama-2D vector image amafayela. I-Gerber enwetshiwe inikeza okukhiphayo okuphelele.

Isoftware ine-algorithms echazwe ngumsebenzisi / yomklami enezinto ezisemqoka ezifana nobubanzi bethrekhi, izikhala zamapuleti, ukulandelela nezikhala zemigodi, nosayizi wembobo. I-algorithm iqhutshwa ngumklami ukubheka noma yimaphi amaphutha ekwakhiweni. Ngemuva kokuthi ukwenziwa kuvunyelwe, kuthunyelwa kumkhiqizi we-PCB lapho kuhlolwe khona i-DFM. Amasheke e-DFM (Design Design Design) asetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukubekezelelana okuncane kwemiklamo ye-PCB.

< b&gt; Isinyathelo 2: UGERBER esithombeni

Iphrinta ekhethekile esetshenziselwa ukuphrinta izithombe ze-PCB ibizwa ngokuthi i-plotter. Laba baqambi bazophrinta amabhodi wesifunda kwifilimu. Lawa mafilimu asetshenziselwa ukufanekisa i-PCBS. Ama-Plotter anembile kakhulu kumasu wokuphrinta futhi anganikeza ngemiklamo ye-PCB enemininingwane eminingi.

Ishidi lepulasitiki elisuswe koqwembe liyi-PCB ephrintiwe ngoyinki omnyama. Endabeni yesendlalelo sangaphakathi, uyinki omnyama umele ithrekhi yethusi eqhubayo, kanti ingxenye engenalutho iyingxenye engeyona yokuqhuba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungqimba olungaphandle, uyinki omnyama uzosuswa futhi indawo engenalutho izosetshenziselwa ithusi. Lawa mafilimu kufanele agcinwe kahle ukugwema ukuthintana okungadingekile noma izigxivizo zeminwe.

Isendlalelo ngasinye sinefilimu yaso. Imaski yokushisela inefilimu ehlukile. Wonke lawa mafilimu kufanele aqondaniswe ndawonye ukudweba ukuqondaniswa kwe-PCB. Lokhu kuqondaniswa kwe-PCB kutholakala ngokulungisa ibhentshi lomsebenzi lapho ifilimu ingena khona, futhi ukuqondanisa okuhle kungatholakala ngemuva kokulinganiswa okuncane kwebhentshi lomsebenzi. Lawa mafilimu kufanele abe nezimbobo zokuqondanisa ukuze zibambane ngokunembile. Iphini lokuthola indawo lizongena emgodini wokuthola indawo.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukuphrinta kwangaphakathi: i-photoresist nethusi

Lawa mafilimu ezithombe aseprintiwe kufreyimu yethusi. Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo se-PCB senziwe nge-laminate. Ingqikithi yento eyi-epoxy resin nengilazi fiber ebizwa ngokuthi yi-base material. I-laminate ithola ithusi elenza i-PCB. I-substrate inikeza ipulatifomu enamandla ye-PCBS. Zombili izinhlangothi zimbozwe ngethusi. Le nqubo ifaka phakathi ukukhipha ithusi ukuveza ukwakheka kwefilimu.

I-decontamination ibalulekile ekuhlanzeni i-PCBS kuma-laminates ethusi. Qiniseka ukuthi azikho izinhlayiya zothuli ku-PCB. Ngaphandle kwalokho, isifunda singaba sifushane noma sivuleke

Ifilimu ye-Photoresist isiyasetshenziswa manje. I-Photoresist yenziwe ngamakhemikhali we-photosensitive aqina lapho kusetshenziswa imisebe ye-ultraviolet. Kumele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ifilimu enezithombe ne-photoresist film iyafana ncamashi.

Lawa mafilimu wezithombe ne-photolithographic anamathiselwe ku-laminate ngokulungisa izikhonkwane. Manje kusetshenziswa imisebe ye-ultraviolet. Uyinki omnyama kwifilimu enezithombe uzovimba ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele ithusi ngaphansi futhi kungabi lukhuni i-photoresist ngaphansi komkhondo we-inki omnyama. Indawo esobala izofakwa ekukhanyeni kwe-UV, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinise i-photoresist eyeqile ezosuswa.

Ipuleti libe selihlanzwa ngesisombululo se-alkaline ukususa i-photoresist eyeqile. Ibhodi lesifunda selizoma manje.

I-PCBS manje isiyakwazi ukumboza izintambo zethusi ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza amathrekhi wesifunda ngezinto ezixosha ukugqwala. Uma ibhodi liyizingqimba ezimbili, lizosetshenziselwa ukubhola, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzothathwa ezinye izinyathelo.

Isinyathelo 4: Susa ithusi engadingeki

Sebenzisa isixazululo esinamandla se-solvent solvent ukususa ithusi eleqile, njengoba nje isisombululo se-alkaline sisusa i-photoresist eyeqile. Ithusi ngaphansi kwe-photoresist elukhuni ngeke lisuswe.

I-photoresist manje eselukhuni izosuswa ukuvikela ithusi elidingekayo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokugeza i-PCB ngenye into.

Isinyathelo 5: Ukuqondaniswa kwesendlalelo nokuhlolwa kokubuka

Ngemuva kokuthi zonke izingqimba sezilungisiwe, ziyahambisana. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokugxiviza imbobo yokubhalisa njengoba kuchaziwe esinyathelweni esedlule. Ochwepheshe bafaka zonke izingqimba emshinini obizwa nge- “optical punch.” Lo mshini uzoshaya izimbobo ngokunembile.

Inani lezendlalelo ezibekiwe namaphutha avelayo alikwazi ukuhlehliswa.

I-automatic optical detector izosebenzisa i-laser ukuthola noma ikuphi ukukhubazeka bese iqhathanisa isithombe sedijithali nefayela le-Gerber.

Isinyathelo 6: Faka izendlalelo nezibopho

Kulesi sigaba, zonke izingqimba, kufaka phakathi ungqimba olungaphandle, zinamathele ndawonye. Zonke izingqimba zizofakwa ngaphezulu kwe-substrate.

Isendlalelo sangaphandle senziwe nge-fiberglass “eklanywe ngaphambili” ene-resin epoxy ebizwa nge preimpregnated. Phezulu nangaphansi kwe-substrate kuzombozwa izingqimba zethusi ezincanyana ezifakwe ngemigqa yokulandela ithusi.

Ithebula lensimbi elisindayo elinezibopho zensimbi zezingqimba zokubopha / ukucindezela. Lezi zingqimba ziboshwe ngokuqinile etafuleni ukugwema ukunyakaza ngesikhathi sokulinganiswa.

Faka ungqimba we-prepreg etafuleni lokulinganisa, bese ufaka ungqimba we-substrate kuwo, bese ufaka ipuleti lethusi. Amapuleti amaningi we-prereg abekwa ngendlela efanayo, futhi ekugcineni ucwecwe lwe-aluminium luqeda isitaki.

Ikhompiyutha izokwenza inqubo yomshini isebenze ngokuzenzakalela, ifudumeze isitaki iphinde ipholise ngezinga elilawulwayo.

Manje ochwepheshe bazosusa iphini nengcindezi yokuvula ipakethe.

Isinyathelo 7: Shayela izimbobo

Manje yisikhathi sokubhola izimbobo kuma-PCBS ahlanganisiwe. Precision sokuprakthiza izingcezu ingafinyelela 100 micron ubukhulu izimbobo ngobuciko eliphezulu. Ingcosana inomoya futhi inejubane lokuphotha elingaba ngu-300K RPM. Kepha noma ngabe lelo jubane, inqubo yokubhola ithatha isikhathi, ngoba umgodi ngamunye uthatha isikhathi ukubhola ngokuphelele. Ukuhlonza okunembile kokuma kancane ngezihlonzi ezenzelwe i-X-ray.

Amafayela wokubhola nawo akhiqizwa ngumqambi we-PCB kusenesikhathi somkhiqizi we-PCB. Leli fayela lokuprakthiza linquma ukunyakaza kweminithi kancane futhi linquma indawo yokuprakthiza.Lezi zimbobo manje zizogqunywa ngemigodi nangemigodi.

Isinyathelo 8: Ukufakwa kophahla nokwethusi

Ngemuva kokuhlanza ngokucophelela, iphaneli le-PCB selifakwe ngamakhemikhali. Ngalesi sikhathi, izingqimba ezincanyana (1 micron thick) zethusi zifakwa ebusweni bephaneli. Ithusi ligeleza lingene emgodini. Izindonga zezimbobo zenziwe ngethusi ngokuphelele. Yonke inqubo yokudipha nokususwa ilawulwa yikhompyutha

Isinyathelo 9: Isithombe ungqimba olungaphandle

Njengesendlalelo sangaphakathi, i-photoresist isetshenziswa kungqimba olungaphandle, iphaneli ye-prepreg nefilimu likayinki omnyama elixhunywe ndawonye manje seliqhume egumbini eliphuzi ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet. I-Photoresist iyaqina. Iphaneli manje seligezwa ngomshini ukususa ukumelana kokuqina okuvikelwe ukungabonakali koyinki omnyama.

Isinyathelo 10: Ukufaka ungqimba olungaphandle:

Ipuleti eliqokiwe elenziwe ngocingo oluncane lwethusi. Ngemuva kokufakwa okokuqala kwethusi, iphaneli linamathinini ukususa noma iyiphi ithusi elisele epuletini. I-Tin ngesikhathi sesigaba sokudonsa ivimbela ingxenye edingekayo yephaneli ukuthi ingavalwa ngethusi. Ukudweba kususa ithusi engadingeki kuphaneli.

Isinyathelo 11: Etch

Ithusi elingafuneki nethusi kuzosuswa kusendlalelo sokumelana nezinsalela. Amakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukuhlanza ithusi eleqile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uthini uhlanganisa ithusi elidingekayo. Manje ekugcineni kuholela ekuxhumekeni okulungile nakwithrekhi

Isinyathelo 12: Ukufaka isicelo semaski

Hlanza iphaneli ne-epoxy solder blocking inki izomboza iphaneli. Imisebe ye-UV isetshenziswa kupuleti ngokusebenzisa ifilimu lokuthwebula elenza imaskhi. Ingxenye ebekiwe ihlala ingalalelwanga futhi izosuswa. Manje beka ibhodi lesifunda kuhhavini ukulungisa ifilimu le-solder.

Isinyathelo 13: Ukwelashwa komhlaba

I-HASL (i-Hot Air Solder Leveling) inikezela ngamakhono we-soldering we-PCBS. I-RayPCB (https://raypcb.com/pcb-fabrication/) inikeza ukucwiliswa kwegolide nokucwiliswa kwesiliva HASL. I-HASL inikeza ngisho namaphakethe. Lokhu kuphumela ekugcineni komhlaba.

Isinyathelo 14: Ukuphrinta kwesikrini

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Ama-PCBS asesigabeni sokugcina futhi amukela ukuphrinta / ukubhala kwe-inkjet ngaphezulu. Lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukumela imininingwane ebalulekile ephathelene ne-PCB.

Isinyathelo 15: Ukuhlolwa kukagesi

Isigaba sokugcina ukuhlolwa kukagesi kwe-PCB yokugcina. Inqubo ezenzakalelayo iqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-PCB ukufanisa ukwakheka kwangempela. E-RayPCB, sinikeza ukuhlolwa kwenaliti ezindizayo noma ukuhlolwa kombhede wezipikili.

Isinyathelo 16: Hlaziya

Isinyathelo sokugcina ukusika ipuleti kuphaneli yokuqala. Irutha isetshenziselwa le nhloso ngokwakha amalebula amancane emaphethelweni ebhodi ukuze ibhodi likhishwe kalula kuphaneli.