Kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m’ma 1950, bolodi losindikizidwa (PCB) yakhala gawo lofunikira pakumanga pakupanga pakompyuta, monga chonyamulira chazinthu zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi komanso malo otumizira ma siginecha ozungulira, mawonekedwe ake ndi kudalirika kwake kumatsimikizira mtundu ndi kudalirika kwapaketo yonse yamagetsi. Ndi miniaturization, zopepuka komanso zogwira ntchito zambiri zamagetsi zamagetsi, komanso kupititsa patsogolo njira zopanda lead komanso zopanda halogen, zofunikira pakudalirika kwa PCB zidzakhala zapamwamba komanso zapamwamba. Choncho, momwe mwamsanga kupeza mavuto PCB kudalirika ndi lolingana kudalirika kusintha wakhala mmodzi wa nkhani zofunika kwa mabizinezi PCB.

Wamba PCB kudalirika mavuto ndi nthano wamba

Kusakhazikika bwino

(Palibe kunyowetsa)

Kusawotchera (kusanyowetsa)

Kuwotcherera kwa Virtual

(Pillow effect)

Osadalira odalira

Layered mbale kuwomba

Tsegulani dera (kupyolera mu dzenje)

Tsegulani dera

(Laser blind hole)

Tsegulani dera

Open circuit (ICD)

Short circuit (CAF)

Chigawo chachifupi (ECM)

Kuwotcha mbale

Komabe, pakulephera kusanthula kwa zovuta zodalirika zodalirika, njira yolephera yofananira yolephera ingakhale yovuta komanso yosiyana. Chifukwa chake, monga kufufuza mlandu, kulingalira kolondola, kulingalira mozama ndi njira zowunikira zosiyanasiyana ndizofunikira kuti mupeze chomwe chikulepherera. Mwanjira iyi, ulalo uliwonse ndi wosasamala pang’ono, ungayambitse “milandu yosalungama, yabodza komanso yolakwika”.

Kusanthula Kwachidule kwa kudalirika kwa Mavuto Kusonkhanitsira chidziwitso chambiri

Chidziwitso cham’mbuyo ndiye maziko a kulephera kusanthula kwa zovuta zodalirika, zimakhudza mwachindunji zomwe zimachitika pakuwunika kulephera konse, ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri kutsimikiza kwamakina omaliza. Chifukwa chake, kusanthula kusanachitike, zidziwitso zolephereka ziyenera kusonkhanitsidwa momwe zingathere, nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza koma osangokhala:

(1) Mtundu wolephera: zambiri zolephera za batch ndi kulephera kofananira

(1) Ngati gulu limodzi la zovuta zopanga misa, kapena kulephera kochepa, ndiye kuti kuthekera kwa kuwongolera njira kumakhala kwakukulu;

(2) Ngati pali mavuto m’gulu loyamba / magulu angapo, kapena kuchuluka kwa kulephera kuli kwakukulu, chikoka cha zinthu zakuthupi ndi mapangidwe sichikhoza kuchotsedwa;

(2) Kuchiza kusanachitike: kaya PCB kapena PCBA yadutsa mndandanda wa njira zochiritsira zisanachitike. Kukonzekera kofala kumaphatikizapo reflux musanaphike, / lead-free reflow soldering ndi / lead-free wave crest welding ndi kuwotcherera pamanja, ndi zina zotero, pakafunika kumvetsetsa mwatsatanetsatane zida zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera (monga solder phala, stencil, solder waya, etc.), zipangizo (soldering chitsulo mphamvu, etc.) ndi magawo (otaya pamapindikira ndi magawo a soldering yoweyula, dzanja soldering kutentha, etc.) zambiri;

(3) Kulephera zinthu: mfundo yeniyeni pamene PCB kapena PCBA alephera, ena amene walephera mu chisanadze processing ndondomeko monga kuwotcherera ndi msonkhano, monga solderability osauka, stratification, etc.; Ena ali mu ukalamba wotsatira, kuyesa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kulephera, monga CAF, ECM, mbale yoyaka, ndi zina zotero; Kumvetsetsa mwatsatanetsatane ndondomeko yolephera ndi magawo okhudzana;

Kulephera kwa PCB/PCBA kusanthula

Nthawi zambiri, chiwerengero cha mankhwala olephera ndi ochepa, kapena ngakhale chidutswa chimodzi chokha, kotero kusanthula analephera mankhwala ayenera kutsatira mfundo wosanjikiza kusanthula wosanjikiza kuchokera kunja kupita mkati, kuchokera sanali chiwonongeko ku chiwonongeko, mwa njira zonse kupewa chiwonongeko msanga. za tsamba lolephera:

(1) Kuyang’ana maonekedwe

Kuwona mawonekedwe ndi gawo loyamba la kusanthula kwazinthu zolephera. Kupyolera mu kuwonekera kwa malo olephera komanso kuphatikizidwa ndi chidziwitso chakumbuyo, akatswiri ofufuza zolephera amatha kudziwa zambiri zomwe zingalepheretse kulephera ndikuchita kusanthula kotsatira moyenerera. Komabe, ziyenera kuzindikirika kuti pali njira zambiri zowonera mawonekedwe, kuphatikiza magalasi okulira m’manja, magalasi okulira pakompyuta, maikulosikopu ya stereoscopic ndi microscope ya metallographic. Komabe, chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa gwero la kuwala, mfundo yofananira ndi kuya kwa kuwunika kwa gawolo, ma morphology omwe amawonedwa ndi zida zofananira ayenera kuwunikiridwa mozama potengera zida zomwe zidapangidwa. Ndikoletsedwa kuweruza mopupuluma ndikupanga zongoyerekeza, zomwe zimatsogolera ku njira yolakwika yowunikira kulephera ndikuwononga zinthu zamtengo wapatali zomwe zidalephera komanso nthawi yowunikira.

(2) Kusanthula mozama kosawononga

Pa zolephera zina, kuyang’ana kwa maonekedwe kokha sikungathe kusonkhanitsa zambiri zolephera, kapena ngakhale kulephera sikungapezeke, monga delamination, kuwotcherera pafupifupi ndi kutsegula mkati, ndi zina zotero. sonkhanitsani zambiri, kuphatikiza kuzindikira zolakwika za akupanga, 3D X-ray, kujambula kwa infrared, kuzindikira malo afupipafupi, ndi zina zambiri.

Mu gawo la kuyang’ana kwa mawonekedwe ndi kusanthula kosawonongeka, ndikofunikira kulabadira mawonekedwe wamba kapena osiyanasiyana azinthu zolephera zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza zakulephera kotsatira. Zidziwitso zokwanira zitasonkhanitsidwa panthawi yosanthula mosawononga, kusanthula kolephera komwe kumatsata kungayambike.

(3) Kulephera kufufuza

Kusanthula kulephera ndikofunikira kwambiri, ndipo ndiye gawo lofunikira kwambiri, nthawi zambiri limatsimikizira kupambana kapena kulephera kusanthula kulephera. Pali njira zambiri zowunikira kulephera, monga kusanthula ma electron microscopy & elemental analysis, horizontal/vertical section, FTIR, ndi zina zotero, zomwe sizingafotokozedwe mu gawoli. Panthawiyi, ngakhale njira yowunikira kulephera ndiyofunikira, chofunikira kwambiri ndi kuzindikira ndi kuweruza kwa vuto lachilema, komanso kumvetsetsa koyenera komanso komveka bwino kwa njira yolephereka ndi njira yolephera, kuti mupeze chifukwa chenicheni cha kulephera.

Bare board PCB kusanthula

Pamene mlingo wolephera uli wokwera kwambiri, kusanthula kwa PCB yopanda kanthu ndikofunikira ngati chowonjezera pakulephera kusanthula. Pamene kulephera chifukwa chopezedwa mu gawo kusanthula ndi chilema chopanda bolodi PCB kumabweretsa kulephera kudalirika, ndiye ngati bare board PCB ali ndi chilema chomwecho, kulephera mode chimodzimodzi monga analephera mankhwala ayenera kuonekera pambuyo mankhwala omwewo. ndondomeko monga analephera mankhwala. Ngati njira yolephereka yomweyi siinabwerezedwe, ndiye kuti kusanthula kwazomwe zidalephereka ndikolakwika, kapena kosakwanira.