Ukusukela kwiminyaka yoo-1950, ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo (I-PCB) ibe yimodyuli esisiseko yokwakha yokupakishwa kwe-elektroniki, njengomphathi wamacandelo ahlukeneyo e-elektroniki kunye ne-hub yokuhanjiswa komqondiso wesekethe, umgangatho wayo kunye nokuthembeka kwayo kumisela umgangatho kunye nokuthembeka kwayo yonke ipakethe ye-elektroniki. Ngeemfuno ze-miniaturization, i-lightweight kunye nemisebenzi emininzi yeemveliso ze-elektroniki, kunye nokukhuthazwa kweenkqubo ezingenalo lead kunye ne-halogen-free, iimfuno zokuthembeka kwe-PCB ziya kuba phezulu nangaphezulu. Ke ngoko, indlela yokufumana ngokukhawuleza iingxaki zokuthembeka kwe-PCB kwaye wenze uphuculo lokuthembeka oluhambelanayo lube ngomnye wemiba ebalulekileyo kumashishini ePCB.

Common PCB reliability problems and typical legends

Ukuthengiswa kakubi

(Akukho kumanziswa)

Ukuthengiswa kakubi (ukungamanzi)

welding Virtual

(Isiphumo somqamelo)

Uxhomekeke kwihlwempu

Ukuqhushumba kwepleyiti

Vula isekethi (ngomngxuma)

Isekethe evulekileyo

(Laser blind hole)

Isekethe evulekileyo

Vula isekethe (ICD)

Isekethe emfutshane (CAF)

Isekethe emfutshane (ECM)

Isitya esivuthayo

Nangona kunjalo, kuhlalutyo lokungaphumeleli kweengxaki ezithembekileyo zokuthembeka, indlela yokungaphumeleli yendlela yokungaphumeleli efanayo inokuba nzima kwaye ihluke. Ke ngoko, njengokuphanda ityala, ukucinga ngokuchanekileyo kocazululo, ukucinga okunengqiqo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zohlalutyo ziyafuneka ukuze kufunyanwe oyena nobangela wokusilela. Kule nkqubo, nayiphi na ikhonkco inokungakhathali kancinci, inokubangela “ityala elingenabulungisa, elibubuxoki nelingalunganga”.

Uhlahlelo ngokubanzi lokuthembeka kweNgxaki Ukuqokelelwa kolwazi lwemvelaphi

Ulwazi oluyimvelaphi lusisiseko sokungaphumeleli kohlalutyo lweengxaki zokuthembeka, luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo intsingiselo yalo lonke uhlalutyo lokungaphumeleli okulandelayo, kwaye lunempembelelo eqinisekileyo ekumiselweni kwenkqubo yokugqibela. Ke ngoko, ngaphambi kohlalutyo lokungaphumeleli, ulwazi olusemva kokusilela kufuneka luqokelelwe kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya kodwa kungaphelelanga apho:

(1) Uluhlu lokungaphumeleli: ulwazi lwebhetshi yokungaphumeleli kunye nezinga lokungaphumeleli elihambelanayo

(1) Ukuba ibhetshi enye yeengxaki zokuvelisa ubuninzi, okanye izinga lokungaphumeleli eliphantsi, ngoko ke ukubakho kokulawulwa kwenkqubo engaqhelekanga kukhulu;

(2) Ukuba kukho iingxaki kwi-batch yokuqala / iibhetshi ezininzi, okanye izinga lokungaphumeleli liphezulu, impembelelo yezinto eziphathekayo kunye noyilo alukwazi ukukhutshwa;

(2) Unyango lwangaphambi kokungaphumeleli: ingaba i-PCB okanye i-PCBA iye yadlula uluhlu lweenkqubo zonyango lwangaphambili ngaphambi kokungaphumeleli. Ukuphathwa kwangaphambili okuqhelekileyo kubandakanya i-reflux ngaphambi kokubhaka, / i-lead-free reflow soldering kunye / i-lead-free wave crest welding kunye ne-welding manual, njl. i-stencil, i-solder wire, njl.), izixhobo (i-soldering iron power, njl.) kunye neeparameters (i-curve flow and parameters of soldering wave, hand soldering temperature, etc.) ulwazi;

(3) Imeko yokungaphumeleli: ulwazi oluthile xa i-PCB okanye i-PCBA ingaphumeleli, ezinye zazo ziye zasilela kwinkqubo yokulungisa kwangaphambili njenge-welding kunye nendibano, njenge-solderability embi, i-stratification, njl.; Abanye bakwiminyaka elandelayo, uvavanyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kokusilela, njenge-CAF, i-ECM, ipleyiti evuthayo, njl.; Ukuqonda ngokubanzi inkqubo yokusilela kunye neeparamitha ezinxulumene nazo;

Ukungaphumeleli kohlalutyo lwePCB/PCBA

Ngokubanzi, inani leemveliso ezingaphumelelanga lilinganiselwe, okanye iqhekeza elinye kuphela, ngoko ke uhlalutyo lweemveliso ezingaphumelelanga kufuneka zilandele umgaqo woluhlu ngokuhlalutya umaleko ukusuka ngaphandle ukuya ngaphakathi, ukusuka kwintshabalalo ukuya kwintshabalalo, ngandlela zonke ukuphepha ukutshatyalaliswa kwangaphambi kwexesha. yesiza sokusilela:

(1) Ukuqwalaselwa kwembonakalo

Ukuqwalaselwa kwembonakalo yinyathelo lokuqala lokuhlalutya ukusilela kwemveliso. Ngokubonakala kwendawo yokusilela kwaye kudityaniswe nolwazi lwangasemva, iinjineli ezinamava zokuhlalutya ukungaphumeleli zinokumisela ngokusisiseko izizathu ezininzi zokusilela kwaye ziqhube uhlalutyo lokulandela ngokufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zininzi iindlela zokujonga inkangeleko, kubandakanywa okubonwayo, iglasi ekhulisayo ebanjwa ngesandla, iglasi yokukhulisa idesktop, imakroskopu yestereoscopic kunye ne-metallographic microscope. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeyantlukwano kumthombo wokukhanya, umgaqo wokucinga kunye nobunzulu bokuqwalasela intsimi, i-morphology ebonwe sisixhobo esihambelanayo kufuneka ihlalutywe ngokubanzi ngokusekelwe kwizinto zezixhobo. Akuvumelekanga ukwenza isigwebo esingxamisekileyo kwaye senze uqikelelo oluqikelelwayo olukhokelela kwicala elingalunganga lohlalutyo lokusilela kunye nokulahla iimveliso ezixabisekileyo ezingaphumelelanga kunye nexesha lokuhlalutya.

(2) Uhlalutyo olunzulu olungonakalisi

Kwezinye iintsilelo, ukujonga inkangeleko yodwa ayikwazi ukuqokelela ulwazi olwaneleyo lokusilela, okanye indawo yokungaphumeleli ayifumaneki, njenge-delamination, i-welding virtual kunye nokuvulwa kwangaphakathi, njl. qokelela ulwazi olongezelelweyo, kubandakanywa ukufunyanwa kwempazamo ye-ultrasonic, i-3D X-ray, i-infrared imaging ye-thermal, ukukhangela indawo ye-short-circuit, njl.

Kwinqanaba lokujonga imbonakalo kunye nohlalutyo olungenakonakala, kuyimfuneko ukunikela ingqalelo kwiimpawu eziqhelekileyo okanye ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso ezahlukeneyo zokungaphumeleli, ezingasetyenziselwa ukubhekisela kwisigwebo sokungaphumeleli esilandelayo. Emva kokuba ulwazi olwaneleyo luqokelelwe ngexesha lesigaba sohlalutyo olungenakonakala, uhlalutyo olujoliswe ekungaphumelelini lungaqala.

(3) Uhlalutyo lokungaphumeleli

Uhlalutyo lokungaphumeleli luyimfuneko, kwaye lelona nyathelo libaluleke kakhulu, lihlala limisela uhlalutyo lokungaphumeleli okanye ukusilela. Zininzi iindlela zokuhlalutya ukusilela, njengokuskena i-electron microscopy & uhlalutyo lwe-elemental, icandelo elithe tye/ethe nkqo, i-FTIR, njl., elingayi kuchazwa kweli candelo. Kweli nqanaba, nangona indlela yokuhlalutya ukungaphumeleli ibalulekile, okona kubaluleke kakhulu kukuqonda kunye nesigwebo sengxaki yesiphene, kunye nokuqonda okuchanekileyo kunye nokucacileyo kwendlela yokungaphumeleli kunye neendlela zokusilela, ukuze ufumane unobangela wokwenene wokungaphumeleli.

Uhlalutyo lwebhodi ye-PCB engenanto

Xa izinga lokungaphumeleli liphezulu kakhulu, uhlalutyo lwe-PCB engenanto luyimfuneko njengesongezelelo sokungaphumeleli kubangele uhlalutyo. Xa isizathu sokungaphumeleli esifunyenwe kwinqanaba lokuhlalutya sisiphene sebhodi ye-PCB ekhokelela ekuhlulekeni kokuthembeka ngakumbi, ukuba ibhodi ye-PCB inesiphene esifanayo, imo yokusilela okufanayo njengemveliso engaphumelelanga kufuneka ibonakaliswe emva konyango olufanayo. inkqubo njengemveliso engaphumelelanga. Ukuba imo yokungaphumeleli efanayo ayiveliswanga kwakhona, ngoko uhlalutyo lwesizathu semveliso engaphumelelanga alulunganga, okanye ubuncinane aluphelelanga.