Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1950, ibhodi yesifunda ephrintiwe (I-PCB) bekuyimojula eyisisekelo yokwakha yokupakishwa kwe-elekthronikhi, njengoba inkampani ephethe izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ehlukahlukene kanye nehabhu lokudluliswa kwesignali yesifunda, ikhwalithi nokuthembeka kwayo kunquma ikhwalithi nokuthembeka kwayo yonke iphakheji ye-elekthronikhi. Ngezidingo ze-miniaturization, engasindi kanye nemisebenzi eminingi yemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi, kanye nokukhuthazwa kwezinqubo ezingenawo umthofu ne-halogen, izimfuneko zokwethenjwa kwe-PCB zizoba phezulu naphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuthi ungazithola kanjani ngokushesha izinkinga zokwethembeka kwe-PCB nokwenza ngcono ukwethembeka okuhambisanayo sekungenye yezinkinga ezibalulekile zamabhizinisi e-PCB.

Izinkinga ezijwayelekile zokuthembeka kwe-PCB kanye nezinganekwane ezijwayelekile

I-solderability empofu

(Akukho ukumanziswa)

I-solderability ebuthakathaka (ukungamanzisi)

Ukushisela okubonakalayo

(Umphumela womcamelo)

Ukuncika okumpofu

Ukuqhuma kwepuleti elendlalekile

Vula isifunda (ngembobo)

Isifunda esivulekile

(Laser blind hole)

Isifunda esivulekile

Vula isekethe (ICD)

Isifunda esifushane (CAF)

Isifunda esifushane (ECM)

Ipuleti elivuthayo

Kodwa-ke, ekuhlaziyweni kokwehluleka kwezinkinga ezisebenzayo zokuthembeka, indlela yokuhluleka yemodi yokwehluleka efanayo ingase ibe yinkimbinkimbi futhi ihluke. Ngakho-ke, njengokuphenya icala, ukucabanga okulungile kokuhlaziya, ukucabanga okunengqondo okuqinile nezindlela zokuhlaziya ezihlukene kuyadingeka ukuze kutholwe imbangela yokwehluleka kwangempela. Kule nqubo, noma yisiphi isixhumanisi sinokudebesela kancane, kungabangela “icala elingalungile, amanga nelingalungile”.

Ukuhlaziywa Okujwayelekile Kokwethenjelwa Kwezinkinga Iqoqo Lolwazi Lwasemuva

Ulwazi Lwasemuva luyisisekelo sokuhlaziya ukwehluleka kwezinkinga zokwethembeka, luthinta ngokuqondile inkambiso yakho konke ukuhlaziya ukwehluleka okwalandela, futhi lunomthelela omkhulu ekunqunyweni kwendlela yokugcina. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa kokwehluleka, imininingwane ngemuva kokwehluleka kufanele iqoqwe ngangokunokwenzeka, ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa kodwa kungagcini nje:

(1) Ibanga lokuhluleka: ulwazi lwenqwaba yokwehluleka kanye nezinga lokuhluleka elihambisanayo

(1) Uma iqoqo elilodwa lezinkinga zokukhiqiza ngobuningi, noma izinga eliphansi lokwehluleka, khona-ke amathuba okulawulwa kwenqubo okungavamile makhulu;

(2) Uma kunezinkinga ku-batch yokuqala / amaqoqo amaningi, noma izinga lokuhluleka liphezulu, ithonya lezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezici zokuklama azikwazi ukukhishwa;

(2) Ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kokwehluleka: noma ngabe i-PCB noma i-PCBA idlule ochungechungeni lwezinqubo zokwelashwa zangaphambi kokwehluleka ukwenzeka. Ukwelashwa kwangaphambili okujwayelekile kufaka phakathi i-reflux ngaphambi kokubhaka, / i-lead-free reflow soldering kanye/i-lead-free wave crest welding kanye ne-manual welding, njll., lapho kudingekile ukuqonda ngokuningiliziwe zonke izinto ezisetshenziswa enqubweni yokwelapha (njengokunamathisela kwe-solder, i-stencil, i-solder wire, njll.), okokusebenza (amandla ensimbi e-soldering, njll.) kanye nemingcele (ijika lokugeleza kanye nemingcele ye-wave soldering, izinga lokushisa le-soldering ngesandla, njll.) ulwazi;

(3) Isimo sokwehluleka: ulwazi oluqondile lapho i-PCB noma i-PCBA ihluleka, okunye okuye kwahluleka enqubweni yokucutshungulwa kwangaphambili njengokushisela nokuhlanganisa, njenge-solderability empofu, i-stratification, njll; Abanye basekugugeni okwalandela, ukuhlolwa ngisho nokusetshenziswa kokwehluleka, njenge-CAF, i-ECM, ipuleti elivuthayo, njll.; Ukuqonda okuningiliziwe kwenqubo yokwehluleka kanye nemingcele ehlobene;

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-PCB/PCBA kwehlulekile

Ngokuvamile, inani lemikhiqizo ehlulekile lilinganiselwe, noma ngisho nocezu olulodwa kuphela, ngakho-ke ukuhlaziywa kwemikhiqizo ehlulekile kufanele kulandele isimiso se-lay by layer analysis kusuka ngaphandle kuya ngaphakathi, kusukela ekungabhubhisweni kuya ekubhujisweni, ngazo zonke izindlela ukugwema ukubhujiswa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. kwesizinda sokwehluleka:

(1) Ukubuka ukubukeka

Ukubuka ukubukeka kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlaziywa komkhiqizo ongaphumeleli. Ngokuvela kwesizinda sokwehluleka futhi kuhlanganiswe nolwazi lwangemuva, onjiniyela abanolwazi lokuhlaziya ukwehluleka banganquma ngokuyisisekelo izimbangela ezimbalwa zokwehluleka futhi benze ukuhlaziya kokulandelela ngokufanele. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ziningi izindlela zokubheka ukubukeka, okubandakanya ingilazi yokusondeza ebonwayo, ebanjwa ngesandla, ingilazi yokukhulisa ideskithophu, isibonakhulu esibonwayo esibonwayo kanye nesibonakhulu se-metallographic. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yomehluko womthombo wokukhanya, isimiso sokuthwebula isithombe nokujula kokubukwa kwenkambu, imofoloji ebonwa izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezihambisanayo idinga ukuhlaziya kabanzi ngokusekelwe ezintweni zemishini. Akuvunyelwe ukwenza ukwahlulela ngokuxhamazela nokwenza ukuqagela okucatshangelwayo okucatshangelwayo, okuholela endleleni engalungile yokuhlaziya ukwehluleka futhi kumoshe imikhiqizo eyigugu ehlulekile kanye nesikhathi sokuhlaziya.

(2) Ukuhlaziya okujulile okungabhubhisi

Kwezinye ukwehluleka, ukubonwa kokubukeka kukodwa akukwazi ukuqoqa ulwazi olwanele lokwehluleka, noma ngisho nephuzu lokuhluleka alitholakali, njenge-delamination, i-welding ebonakalayo nokuvulwa kwangaphakathi, njll. Ngalesi sikhathi, ezinye izindlela zokuhlaziya ezingabhubhi kufanele zisetshenziselwe qoqa ulwazi olwengeziwe, okuhlanganisa ukutholwa kwephutha kwe-ultrasonic, i-X-ray ye-3D, isithombe se-infrared thermal, ukutholwa kwendawo yesifunda esifushane, njll.

Esigabeni sokubhekwa kokubukeka nokuhlaziya okungabhubhisi, kuyadingeka ukunaka izici ezivamile noma ezehlukene zemikhiqizo ehlukene yokwehluleka, engasetshenziswa njengereferensi yesahlulelo sokungaphumeleli esilandelayo. Ngemva kokuba ulwazi olwanele luqoqwe phakathi nesigaba sokuhlaziya esingonakali, ukuhlaziya ukwehluleka okuhlosiwe kungaqala.

(3) Ukuhlaziywa kokwehluleka

Ukuhlaziywa kokwehluleka kubalulekile, futhi kuyisinyathelo esibucayi kakhulu, ngokuvamile sinquma impumelelo yokuhlaziya ukwehluleka noma ukwehluleka. Ziningi izindlela zokuhlaziya ukwehluleka, njengokuskena i-electron microscopy nokuhlaziya okuyisisekelo, isigaba esivundlile/esiqondile, i-FTIR, njll., ezingeke zichazwe kulesi sigaba. Kulesi sigaba, nakuba indlela yokuhlaziya ukwehluleka ibalulekile, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda nokwahlulela kwenkinga yesici, nokuqonda okulungile nokucacile kwemodi yokwehluleka kanye nendlela yokwehluleka, ukuze kutholwe imbangela yangempela yokwehluleka.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-PCB yebhodi engenalutho

Lapho izinga lokuhluleka liphezulu kakhulu, ukuhlaziywa kwe-PCB engenalutho kuyadingeka njengesengezo ekuhlaziyweni kokwehluleka. Lapho isizathu sokwehluleka esitholwe esigabeni sokuhlaziya siyisici se-PCB yebhodi elingenalutho okuholela ekuhlulekeni okwengeziwe kokwethembeka, khona-ke uma i-PCB engenalutho inesici esifanayo, imodi yokwehluleka efanayo njengomkhiqizo ohlulekile kufanele ibonakale ngemva kokuphathwa okufanayo. cubungula njengomkhiqizo ohlulekile. Uma imodi yokwehluleka efanayo ingakhiqizwa kabusha, khona-ke ukuhlaziya imbangela yomkhiqizo ohlulekile akulungile, noma okungenani akuphelele.