In PCB ukuklama, izintambo ziyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokuqedela ukuklama komkhiqizo. Kungashiwo ukuthi amalungiselelo adlule enzelwe wona. Kuyo yonke i-PCB, inqubo yokuklama izintambo inomkhawulo ophakeme kakhulu, amakhono amahle kakhulu, nomsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu. Ukufakwa kwezintambo kwe-PCB kuhlanganisa izintambo ezinohlangothi olulodwa, izintambo ezizinhlangothi zombili kanye nezintambo eziningi. Kukhona futhi izindlela ezimbili zokufaka izintambo: izintambo ezizenzakalelayo kanye nezintambo ezisebenzisanayo. Ngaphambi kokufakwa kwezintambo okuzenzakalelayo, ungasebenzisa i-interactive ukuze ufake izintambo kuqala imigqa efuna kakhulu. Amaphethelo okugcina okokufaka kanye nesiphetho sokukhiphayo kufanele kugwenywe eduze nokuhambisana ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka kokubonisa. Uma kunesidingo, ucingo lomhlabathi kufanele lwengezwe ukuze luhlukaniswe, futhi izintambo zezingqimba ezimbili eziseduze kufanele zibe perpendicular komunye nomunye. Ukuhlangana kweParasitic kulula ukwenzeka ngokuhambisana.

Izinga lesakhiwo somzila ozenzakalelayo sincike kusakhiwo esihle. Imithetho yomzila ingasethwa kusengaphambili, kuhlanganise nenani lezikhathi zokugoba, inombolo ye-vias, kanye nenani lezinyathelo. Ngokuvamile, hlola izintambo ze-warp kuqala, xhuma ngokushesha izintambo ezimfushane, bese wenza izintambo ze-labyrinth. Okokuqala, izintambo ezizobekwa zenzelwe indlela yezintambo zomhlaba wonke. Ingakwazi ukunqamula izintambo ezibekiwe njengoba kudingeka. Futhi zama ukufaka kabusha izintambo ukuze uthuthukise umphumela uwonke.

Idizayini yamanje ye-PCB enamandla kakhulu izwakale sengathi imbobo yokudlula ayifaneleki, futhi imosha iziteshi eziningi zezintambo ezibalulekile. Ukuze kuxazululwe lokhu kungqubuzana, kuye kwavela ubuchwepheshe bezimbobo eziyizimpumputhe nezingcwatshwe, ezingagcini nje ngokufeza indima yomgodi wokudlula Ibuye isindise iziteshi eziningi zokufaka izintambo ukuze inqubo yokufaka izintambo ibe lula, ishelele, futhi iphelele. Inqubo yokuklama ibhodi le-PCB iyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi elula. Ukuze ukwazi kahle, kudingeka umklamo omkhulu wobunjiniyela be-elekthronikhi. Kuphela uma abasebenzi bezizwela bebodwa lapho bengathola khona incazelo yeqiniso yakho.

1 Ukwelashwa kokuphakelwa kukagesi nocingo oluphansi

Ngisho noma i-wiring ebhodini lonke le-PCB igcwaliswe kahle kakhulu, ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukucatshangelwa okungalungile kokunikezwa kwamandla kanye nocingo oluphansi kuzonciphisa ukusebenza komkhiqizo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuthinte ngisho nezinga lokuphumelela lomkhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, izintambo zikagesi neziphansi kufanele zithathwe ngokungathi sína, futhi ukuphazamiseka komsindo okukhiqizwa izintambo zikagesi nezephansi kufanele kuncishiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.

Wonke unjiniyela obambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi uyayiqonda imbangela yomsindo phakathi kwentambo yaphansi kanye nentambo yamandla, futhi manje kuchazwa kuphela ukuncishiswa komsindo okuncishisiwe:

(1) Kuyaziwa kakhulu ukwengeza i-decoupling capacitor phakathi kokunikezwa kwamandla kanye nomhlabathi.

(2) Nweba ububanzi bamandla kanye nezintambo zaphansi ngangokunokwenzeka, okungcono intambo yaphansi ibe banzi kunentambo yamandla, ubuhlobo bazo buwukuthi: intambo ephansi>intambo yamandla>intambo yesiginali, ngokuvamile ububanzi bentambo yesiginali buthi: 0.2～ 0.3mm, kakhulu Ububanzi obuncane bungafinyelela ku-0.05～0.07mm, kanti intambo yamandla ingu-1.2 ~ 2.5 mm

Ku-PCB yomjikelezo wedijithali, ucingo olubanzi lomhlabathi lungasetshenziswa ukwenza iluphu, okungukuthi, ukwakha inetha eliphansi elizosetshenziswa (umhlabathi wesifunda se-analog awukwazi ukusetshenziswa ngale ndlela)

(3) Sebenzisa ungqimba lwethusi olunendawo enkulu njengocingo oluphansi, futhi uxhume izindawo ezingasetshenzisiwe ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe phansi njengocingo oluphansi. Noma ingenziwa ibhodi le-multilayer, futhi amandla kagesi kanye nezintambo zomhlabathi zithatha isendlalelo esisodwa ngasinye.

2 Ukucubungula okujwayelekile komhlabathi wesekethe yedijithali kanye nesekethe ye-analog

Ama-PCB amaningi awasewona amasekhethi anomsebenzi owodwa (amasekhethi edijithali noma e-analog), kodwa akhiwe ingxube yamasekhethi edijithali ne-analog. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukucabangela ukuphazanyiswa phakathi kwabo lapho ufaka izintambo, ikakhulukazi ukuphazamiseka komsindo ocingweni lomhlabathi.

Imvamisa yesifunda sedijithali iphezulu, futhi ukuzwela kwesifunda se-analog kunamandla. Kulayini wesignali, ulayini wesignali wemvamisa ephezulu kufanele ube kude ngangokunokwenzeka kusukela kudivayisi yesekethe ye-analog ebucayi. Emgqeni ophansi, yonke i-PCB ine-node eyodwa kuphela emhlabeni wangaphandle, ngakho Inkinga ye-digital ne-analog common ground kumele kubhekwane nayo ngaphakathi kwe-PCB, futhi umhlabathi wedijithali kanye nomhlabathi we-analog ngaphakathi kwebhodi kuhlukanisiwe ngempela futhi ahlukene. ayixhumekile kwenye, kodwa kusixhumi esibonakalayo (njengamapulaki, njll.) exhuma i-PCB nomhlaba ongaphandle. Kukhona ukuxhumana okufushane phakathi kwe-digital ground kanye ne-analog ground. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi kunephoyinti elilodwa kuphela lokuxhuma. Kukhona nezizathu ezingezona ezejwayelekile ku-PCB, ezinqunywa ukwakheka kwesistimu.

3 Ulayini wesignali ubekwe ongqimbeni lukagesi (lomhlaba).

Ku-wiring yebhodi ephrintiwe ye-multi-layer, ngoba azikho izintambo eziningi ezisele kungqimba lomugqa wesignali ezingazange zibekwe, ukwengeza izendlalelo eziningi kuzodala imfucuza futhi kwandise umsebenzi wokukhiqiza, futhi izindleko zizokhula ngokufanele. Ukuze uxazulule lokhu kuphikisana, ungacabangela ukufaka izintambo kungqimba lukagesi (umhlabathi). Ungqimba lwamandla kufanele lucatshangelwe kuqala, futhi ungqimba lomhlabathi lwesibili. Ngoba kungcono kakhulu ukugcina ubuqotho bokwakheka.

4 Ukwelashwa kwemilenze yokuxhuma kuma-conductor wendawo enkulu

Ekusekelweni kwendawo enkulu (ugesi), imilenze yezingxenye ezivamile ixhunywe kuyo. Ukwelashwa kwemilenze yokuxhuma kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokuphelele. Ngokuphathelene nokusebenza kukagesi, kungcono ukuxhuma amaphedi emilenze yengxenye endaweni yethusi. Kunezingozi ezifihlekile ezingafuneki ekushiseleni nasekuhlanganiseni izingxenye, njengokuthi: ① Ukushisela kudinga izifudumezi ezinamandla amakhulu. ②Kulula ukubangela amajoyinti e-solder abonakalayo. Ngakho-ke, kokubili ukusebenza kukagesi kanye nezidingo zenqubo zenziwa amaphedi anephethini ephambene, abizwa ngokuthi izihlangu zokushisa, ngokuvamile ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-thermal pads (Thermal), ukuze amajoyinti e-solder abonakalayo akhiqizwe ngenxa yokushisa okukhulu kwesigaba esiphambanayo ngesikhathi sokudayiswa. Ucansi luncipha kakhulu. Ukucutshungulwa komlenze wamandla (umhlabathi) webhodi le-multilayer kuyafana.

5 Iqhaza lesistimu yenethiwekhi kukhebula

Ezinhlelweni eziningi ze-CAD, izintambo zinqunywa uhlelo lwenethiwekhi. Igridi iminyene kakhulu futhi indlela inyukile, kodwa isinyathelo sincane kakhulu, futhi inani ledatha ensimini likhulu kakhulu. Lokhu nakanjani kuzoba nezidingo eziphakeme zesikhala sokugcina socingo, kanye nesivinini sekhompyutha semikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi esekelwe kukhompuyutha. Ithonya elikhulu. Ezinye izindlela azivumelekile, njengalezo ezihlala amaphedi emilenze yengxenye noma izimbobo ezifakwayo nezimbobo ezingashintshi. Amagridi amancane kakhulu namashaneli ambalwa kakhulu anomthelela omkhulu esilinganisweni sokusabalalisa. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kube nesistimu yegridi ehlukaniswe kahle futhi enengqondo ukusekela izintambo.

Ibanga eliphakathi kwemilenze yezingxenye ezijwayelekile lingu-0.1 amayintshi (2.54mm), ngakho isisekelo sesistimu yegridi ngokuvamile simiswa ukuze sibe amayintshi angu-0.1 (2.54 mm) noma ukuphindaphinda okuhlanganisiwe okungaphansi kwamayintshi angu-0.1, njengalokhu: 0.05 amayintshi, 0.025 amayintshi, 0.02 amayintshi njll.

6 Ukuhlolwa Komthetho Wedizayini (i-DRC)

Ngemuva kokuthi umklamo we-wiring usuqediwe, kuyadingeka ukuhlola ngokucophelela ukuthi i-wiring design ihlangabezana nemithetho ebekwe umklami, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ebekiwe ihlangabezana nezidingo zenqubo yokukhiqiza ibhodi ephrintiwe. Ukuhlola okuvamile kunalezi zici ezilandelayo:

(1) Ukuthi ngabe ibanga eliphakathi kolayini nolayini, ulayini kanye nephedi yengxenye, ulayini kanye nembobo, iphedi lengxenye kanye nembobo, ngembobo nangembobo linengqondo, nokuthi liyahlangabezana yini nezidingo zokukhiqiza.

(2) Ingabe ububanzi bentambo kagesi kanye nentambo yaphansi kuyafaneleka? Ingabe ukunikezwa kwamandla kanye nomugqa waphansi kuhlanganiswe ngokuqinile (i-low wave impedance)? Ingabe ikhona indawo ku-PCB lapho intambo yaphansi inganwetshwa?

(3) Ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezingcono kakhulu zemigqa yesignali engukhiye, njengobude obufushane kakhulu, ulayini wokuvikela uyengezwa, futhi ulayini wokufaka nolayini ophumayo kuhlukaniswe ngokucacile.

(4) Ukuthi kukhona izintambo ezihlukene zaphansi zesekethe ye-analogi nesekhethi yedijithali.

(5) Ukuthi izithombe (ezifana nezithonjana nezichasiselo) ezengezwe ku-PCB zizobangela ukujikeleza okufushane kwesignali.

(6) Shintsha ezinye izimo zomugqa ezingathandeki.

(7) Ingabe ukhona umugqa wenqubo ku-PCB? Ukuthi imaski ye-solder iyahlangabezana yini nezidingo zenqubo yokukhiqiza, noma ngabe usayizi wemaski we-solder ufanelekile, nokuthi ilogo yezinhlamvu icindezelwe yini kuphedi yedivayisi, ukuze ingaphazamisi ikhwalithi yezinto zikagesi.

(8) Ukuthi unqenqema lohlaka lwangaphandle lwesendlalelo sendawo yamandla ebhodini lezingqimba eziningi luyancishiswa, njengefoyili yethusi yongqimba lwamandla omhlaba oluvezwa ngaphandle kwebhodi, okungase kubangele ukuzungeza okufushane.