Kuvuta kowonjezereka kwa PCB kulingalira, monga wotchi, kulankhulana pamtanda, kutsekemera, kuzindikira, ndi njira zopangira, nthawi zambiri zimakakamiza opanga kuti abwereze ntchito zambiri, kutsimikizira, ndi kukonza. Mkonzi wopanikizika wa parameter amalembetsa magawo awa kukhala njira kuti athandize opanga kuthana bwino ndi magawo omwe nthawi zina amatsutsana pakupanga ndi kupanga.

M’zaka zaposachedwa, mawonekedwe a PCB ndi mayendedwe ake akhala ovuta kwambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma transistors m’maseketi ophatikizika kwawonjezeka monga akunenedweratu ndi Lamulo la Moore, kupanga zida mwachangu ndipo kugunda kulikonse kumakhala kofupikitsa panthawi yakukwera, komanso kuwonjezera zikhomo – nthawi zambiri 500 mpaka 2,000. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kachulukidwe, wotchi, komanso zovuta pakupanga PCB.

Zaka zingapo zapitazo, ma PCBS ambiri anali ndi ma node ochepa “ovuta” (ma Nets), omwe amatanthauzidwa ngati zopinga za impedance, kutalika, ndi chilolezo. Opanga ma PCB amatha kuyendetsa njirazi pamanja ndikugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu kuti azitha kuyendetsa dera lonse. Ma PCBS amakono nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mfundo 5,000 kapena kuposa, zopitilira 50% zomwe ndizofunikira. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakanthawi pamsika, kulumikizana pamagetsi sikutheka pakadali pano. Kuphatikiza apo, sikuti chiwerengero chazovuta kwambiri chachulukirachulukira, komanso zopinga zomwe zili pa mfundo iliyonse zawonjezekanso.

Zolepheretsazi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kulumikizana ndi kapangidwe kake kovuta kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, magwiridwe awiriwa amatha kutengera mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi ntchito zogwirizana, digito ya IC nthawi ikukwera imathamanga kwambiri komanso yotsika Liwiro la wotchi limatha kuwongolera kapangidwe kake, chifukwa chothamanga kwambiri ndikukhazikitsa ndikusunga nthawi yayifupi, Kuphatikiza apo, monga gawo lofunikira pakuchedwetsa kwathunthu kwamapangidwe othamanga kwambiri, kulumikizana kwa kulumikizana ndikofunikanso kwambiri pamapangidwe othamanga.

Ena mwa mavutowa akadakhala osavuta kuthana ngati matabwa anali okulirapo, koma zomwe zikuchitika ndizosiyana. Chifukwa chofunikira pakuchedwa kwa kulumikizana komanso kuchepa kwa phukusi, dera loyendetsa likukhala laling’ono komanso laling’ono, kapangidwe kake kachulukidwe kakuwonekera, ndipo malamulo opangira miniaturization ayenera kutsatiridwa. Nthawi zocheperako zocheperako kuphatikiza ndi malamulo opangidwiratu opangidwira zimapangitsa phokoso la crosstalk kukhala vuto lomwe likukulirakulira, ndipo magulu amiyeso yamipira ndi mapaketi ena otalikirana amathandizanso kukulitsa mtanda, kusinthana kwa phokoso, ndi kugunda kwapansi.

Zovuta zomwe zilipo

Njira zachikhalidwe pamavutowa ndikutanthauzira zofunikira zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zoyeserera kukhala magawo azovuta pazomwe mukudziwa, malingaliro osakwanira, matebulo amitundu, kapena njira zowerengera. Mwachitsanzo, mainjiniya omwe akupanga dera loyambilira amatha kudziwa momwe angakhalire osagwirizana ndiyeno “kuyerekezera” mulingo wolinganizidwa kuti akwaniritse zosowa zomwe akufuna malinga ndi zomwe akufuna kuchita, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito tebulo lowerengera kapena pulogalamu ya masamu kuti ayesere kusokonezedwa ndikugwira ntchito zovuta zakutali.

Njirayi imafunikira kuti pakhale chidziwitso chazopangidwa kuti chikhale chitsogozo chaopanga ma PCB kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito izi popanga ndi zida zokhazokha ndi zida zowongolera. Vuto ndi njirayi ndikuti chidziwitso chazambiri ndizomwe zimafotokozedwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolondola, koma nthawi zina sizigwira ntchito kapena zimabweretsa zotsatira zolakwika.

Tiyeni tigwiritse ntchito chitsanzo chazindikiritso zam’mwamba pamwambapa kuti tiwone zolakwika zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha njirayi. Zinthu zokhudzana ndi impedance ndizophatikizira ma dielectric a bolodi, kutalika kwa zojambulazo zamkuwa, mtunda wapakati pazigawo ndi pansi / mphamvu yosanjikiza, ndi mzere wazitali. Popeza magawo atatu oyambilira nthawi zambiri amatsimikiziridwa ndi kapangidwe kake, opanga nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mzere mulitali kuwongolera impedance. Popeza mtunda kuchokera pamzere uliwonse mpaka pansi kapena wosanjikiza wamagetsi ndiwosiyana, zikuwonekeratu kuti ndikulakwitsa kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chofananira chadongosolo chilichonse. Izi zimaphatikizidwa ndikuti kapangidwe kake kapena mawonekedwe azama board omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakukula amatha kusintha nthawi iliyonse.

Nthawi zambiri mavutowa adzawululidwa pakapangidwe kazopanga, zambiri ndikupeza vuto kudzera pakukonza komiti yoyang’anira kapena kukonzanso kuti athetse mamangidwe. Mtengo wochitira izi ndiwokwera, ndipo kukonza nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa mavuto ena omwe amafunikira kukonza zina, ndipo kutayika kwa ndalama chifukwa chakuchedwa kugulitsa kumadutsa mtengo wakubwezeretsa.Pafupifupi aliyense wopanga zamagetsi amakumana ndi vutoli, lomwe pamapeto pake limafikira pakulephera kwa mapangidwe apakompyuta a PCB kuti azindikire zenizeni zamagetsi zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pano. Sizophweka ngati zidziwitso zamakina opanga.

Kodi angagwiritse ntchito kukakamiza PCB kapangidwe?

Yankho: Lembani zopinga

Pakadali pano opanga mapulogalamu a pulogalamu amayesa kuthetsa vutoli powonjezera magawo pazovuta. Gawo lotsogola kwambiri la njirayi ndikutha kufotokoza mawonekedwe amakina omwe amawonetsa mawonekedwe amagetsi amkati amkati. Izi zikaphatikizidwa mu kapangidwe ka PCB, pulogalamu yopanga imatha kugwiritsa ntchito izi kuti iwongolere kapangidwe kake ndi chida chake.

Makina opanga pambuyo pake akasintha, palibe chifukwa chokonzanso. Okonza amangosintha momwe zinthu zilili, ndipo zovuta zomwe zingachitike zimatha kusinthidwa zokha. Wopanga amatha kuyendetsa DRC (Design Rule Check) kuti awone ngati njira yatsopanoyo ikuphwanya malamulo ena aliwonse opanga ndikupeza kuti ndi ziti zomwe ziyenera kusinthidwa kuti zikonze zolakwika zonse.

Zolepheretsa zitha kukhala zolowetsa m’mawu a masamu, kuphatikiza ma constants, ogwiritsa ntchito osiyanasiyana, ma vekitala, ndi zovuta zina pakupanga, kupatsa opanga njira yoyendetsedwa ndi malamulo. Zovuta zimatha kulozedwanso ngati matebulo oyang’ana, osungidwa mu fayilo yopanga pa PCB kapena mwachinyengo. Kulumikizana kwa PCB, malo okhala ndi zojambulazo zamkuwa, ndi zida zadongosolo zimatsata zopinga zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha izi, ndipo DRC imatsimikizira kuti kapangidwe kake kamayenderana ndi zoponderezazi, kuphatikiza kutalika kwa mzere, kutalikirana, ndi zofunikira za danga monga zoletsa dera ndi kutalika.

Kuwongolera mwatsatanetsatane

Chimodzi mwamaubwino akulu azovuta zomwe ali nazo ndikuti amatha kusanjidwa. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choletsa pamapangidwe onse. Zachidziwikire, madera ena kapena ma node sangathe kutengera mfundoyi, chifukwa chake zolepheretsa zapamwamba zitha kupitilizidwa ndipo zolepheretsa m’mapangidwe apamwamba zitha kutengedwa. Parametric Constraint Solver, Mkonzi wa Zovuta kuchokera ku ACCEL Technologies, amapatsidwa magawo 7 onse:

1. Zolepheretsa kupanga zinthu zonse zomwe zilibe zopinga zina.

2. Zolepheretsa zolowa m’malo, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu pamlingo winawake.

3. Kuletsa kwamtundu wamtundu wa node kumagwira ntchito pamitundu yonse yamtundu winawake.

4. Chopinga cha mfundo: chimagwira ndi mfundo.

5. Kupanikizika kwapakati pa magulu: kumawonetsera cholepheretsa pakati pamfundo ziwiri.

6. Kuchepetsa malo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zonse mumlengalenga.

7. Zovuta pazida, zogwiritsidwa ntchito pachida chimodzi.

Pulogalamuyi imatsata zovuta zingapo pakupanga kuchokera pazida zosiyanasiyana kupita pamalamulo onse amapangidwe, ndikuwonetsa momwe malamulowa amagwiritsidwira ntchito popanga mawonekedwe.

Chitsanzo 1: Mzere m’lifupi = F (impedance, danga spacing, dielectric zonse, kutalika kwa zojambulazo zamkuwa). Nachi chitsanzo cha zovuta zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati malamulo opangira malire. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, impedance imagwira ntchito yamagetsi nthawi zonse, kutalika kwa mzere wapafupi, m’lifupi ndi kutalika kwa waya wamkuwa. Popeza kutayika kofunikira pamapangidwe kwatsimikizika, magawo anayi awa atha kutengedwa ngati zinthu zofunikira kuti alembenso njira ya impedance. Nthawi zambiri, opanga amatha kuwongolera kokha mzere.

Chifukwa cha izi, zopinga zazitali zazingwe ndi ntchito za impedance, ma dielectric mosalekeza, mtunda wapafupi ndi mzere wosanjikiza, komanso kutalika kwa zojambulazo zamkuwa. Ngati ndondomekoyi ikufotokozedwa ngati cholepheretsa kutengera momwe zinthu zikuyendera komanso njira zopangira monga choletsa pamapangidwe, pulogalamuyo imangosintha mulifupi kuti ikwaniritse mzere wosanjikizawo. Momwemonso, ngati bolodi loyendetsa dera limapangidwa mosiyanasiyana ndipo kutalika kwa zojambulazo zamkuwa kumasinthidwa, malamulo oyenerera pamapangidwe amatha kuwerengedwanso pokhapokha posintha kutalika kwa zojambulazo zamkuwa.

Chitsanzo 2: Nthawi yazida = Max (nthawi yosasintha, F (kutalika kwazida, Angle yodziwika).Phindu lodziwikiratu logwiritsira ntchito zopinga za parameter ndi kuwunika kwa kapangidwe kake ndikuti njira yoyeserera ndiyotheka kuyang’aniridwa ndikuwunikidwa pomwe kusintha kwamapangidwe kumachitika. Chitsanzo ichi chikuwonetsa momwe kusiyanasiyana kwa zida kumatha kutsimikiziridwa ndi mawonekedwe amachitidwe ndi zofunikira pakuyesa. Fomuyi pamwambapa ikuwonetsa kuti kupatula kwa chipangizo ndi ntchito ya kutalika kwa kapangidwe ndi Angle yotulukira.

Angle yozindikira nthawi zambiri imakhala yokhazikika pa bolodi lonse, chifukwa imatha kufotokozedwa pamapangidwe. Mukayang’ana pamakina ena, mapangidwe onsewo amatha kusinthidwa ndikungolowa zatsopano pamlingo wopanga. Makina atsopano atagwiritsidwa ntchito, wopanga atha kudziwa ngati mapangidwe ake atha kungoyendetsa DRC kuti awone ngati dongosololi likusemphana ndi mtengo watsopano, zomwe ndizosavuta kuposa kusanthula, kukonza ndikupanga kuwerengera molimba malingana ku zosowa zatsopano.

Kodi angagwiritse ntchito kukakamiza PCB kapangidwe?

Chitsanzo 3: Kapangidwe kazinthu,Kuphatikiza pakupanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi zopinga, malamulo apangidwe amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakapangidwe kazigawo, ndiye kuti, imatha kudziwa komwe ingayike zida popanda kuyambitsa zolakwika kutengera zovuta. Chowunikidwa mu chithunzi 1 ndikukumana ndi zopinga zakuthupi (monga nthawi ndi m’mphepete mwa mbale ndi chipangizo) malo oyikirako zida, chithunzi chachiwiri ndikukumana ndi malo okhala ndi zida zamagetsi, monga kutalika kwazitali kwambiri, chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa kokha Malo ochepetsera malo, pamapeto pake, chithunzi 3 ndiye mphambano yazigawo zitatu zoyambirira za chithunzichi, uku ndi kukhazikika kwa malo, Zipangizo zomwe zaikidwa mderali zitha kukwaniritsa zopinga zonse.

Zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukakamiza kapangidwe ka PCB？

M’malo mwake, kupanga zopinga munjira yodziyimira payokha kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwawo ndikubwezeretsanso ntchito. Zolemba zatsopano zitha kupangidwa potengera zovuta zazigawo zingapo m’mbuyomu, mwachitsanzo, kutalika kwa mzere wosanjikiza kumatengera mtunda wosanjikiza pamwamba ndi kutalika kwa waya wamkuwa, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa Temp ndi Diel_Const pamlingo wopanga. Dziwani kuti malamulo apangidwe amawonetsedwa motsika, ndikusintha choletsa chapamwamba nthawi yomweyo kumakhudza mafotokozedwe onse omwe akukamba za choletsedwacho.

Zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukakamiza kapangidwe ka PCB？

Kugwiritsanso ntchito kapangidwe ndi zolembedwa

Zolepheretsa za parametric, sizongowonjezera kusintha kokha kapangidwe kake koyambirira, ndikugwiritsanso ntchito kusintha kwaukadaulo ndi kapangidwe kake kothandiza, choletsacho chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo la kapangidwe kake, zikalata, ngati sizili mu mainjiniya kapena malingaliro a wopanga, pomwe pitani kuzinthu zina mwina mungaiwale pang’onopang’ono. Zikalata zolembedwazo zimalemba malamulo oyendetsera magetsi omwe akuyenera kutsatidwa pakupanga ndikupereka mwayi kwa ena kuti amvetse zolinga za wopanga kuti malamulowa azitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta pakupanga zinthu zatsopano kapena kusintha malinga ndi magwiridwe antchito amagetsi. Othandizira ochulukirapo amtsogolo amathanso kudziwa malamulo apangidwe ndi kusintha momwe angapangire zatsopano popanda kulingalira momwe zingwe zazitali zimapezedwera.

Pomaliza nkhaniyi

Mkonzi wowongolera wowongolera umathandizira kuyika kwa PCB ndikuwongolera pansi pazovuta zingapo, ndipo kwa nthawi yoyamba imathandizira kuwongolera mapulogalamu ndi mapulogalamu amachitidwe kuti athe kuwunikidwa bwino motsutsana ndi zofunikira zamagetsi ndi njira, m’malo mongodalira luso kapena malamulo osavuta opanga omwe ali zosagwiritsa ntchito kwenikweni. Zotsatira zake ndi kapangidwe kamene kangakwanitse kuchita bwino nthawi imodzi, kuchepetsa kapena kuthetseratu zolakwika zina.