Monga gawo lofunikira lazinthu zamagetsi, bolodi losindikizidwa (PCB) imagwira gawo lofunikira pozindikira ntchito zamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kufunikira kwakapangidwe ka PCB, chifukwa momwe magwiridwe antchito a PCB amatengera ntchito ndi mtengo wazinthu zamagetsi. Kupanga kwa PCB kwabwino kumatha kusunga zinthu zamagetsi pamavuto ambiri, motero kuwonetsetsa kuti zogulitsa zitha kupangidwa bwino ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse zofunikira.

Pazinthu zonse zomwe zimathandizira pakupanga kwa PCB, kupanga Design (DFM) ndikofunikira kwambiri chifukwa imagwirizanitsa kapangidwe ka PCB ndi kapangidwe ka PCB kuti mupeze zovuta koyambirira ndikuzithetsa munthawi yonse yazinthu zamagetsi. One myth is that the complexity of PCB design will increase as manufacturability of electronics is considered at the PCB design stage. In the design life cycle of electronic products, DFM can not only make electronic products participate in automatic production smoothly, and save labor costs in the manufacturing process, but also effectively shorten the manufacturing time to ensure the timely completion of the final electronic products.

Kugulitsa kwa PCB

Mwa kuphatikiza manufacturability ndi kapangidwe ka PCB, kapangidwe kapangidwe kake ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri chotsogolera pakupanga bwino, kukhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba komanso mtengo wotsika. The research of PCB manufacturability covers a wide range, usually divided into PCB manufacturing and PCB assembly.

LPCB production

For PCB manufacturing, the following aspects should be considered: PCB size, PCB shape, process edge and Mark point. Ngati izi sizikuwunikidwa kwathunthu pamapangidwe a PCB, makina opangira zida zokhazokha sangathe kulandira matabwa a PCB pokhapokha ngati atapanganso zina. Zowonjezerapo, mbale zina sizingapangike zokha pogwiritsa ntchito kuwotcherera kwamanja. As a result, the manufacturing cycle will be longer and labor costs will increase.

1. PCB size

Chokhazikitsa chip chilichonse chimakhala ndi kukula kwake kwa PCB, komwe kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi magawo a chosungira chilichonse. Mwachitsanzo, chokhazikitsa chip chimavomereza kukula kwa PCB kokwanira 500mm * 450mm ndi kukula kochepa kwa PCB kwa 30mm * 30mm. Izi sizitanthauza kuti sitingathe kukhala ndi zigawo zama board a PCB zing’onozing’ono kuposa 30mm ndi 30mm, ndipo titha kudalira ma board a jigsaw pakakhala zazikulu zazikulu. Mukangodalira kukhazikitsa kokhako komanso mitengo yazantchito ikukwera ndipo makina azinthu sangathe kuwongolera, makina a chip SMT sangavomereze ma board a PCB omwe ndi akulu kwambiri kapena ochepa kwambiri. Therefore, in the PCB design stage, the PCB size requirements set by automatic installation and manufacturing must be fully considered, and it must be controlled within the effective range.

Chithunzi chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa chikwangwani cha board ya PCB chomalizidwa ndi pulogalamu ya Huaqiu DFM. Monga bolodi la 5 × 2, gawo lililonse lalikulu ndichinthu chimodzi, choyeza 50mm ndi 20mm. The connection between each unit is achieved by V-cut/V-scoring technology. In this image, the entire square is shown with a final size of 100mm by 100mm. Malinga ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, titha kudziwa kuti kukula kwa bolodi kuli mgulu lovomerezeka.

2. PCB shape

In addition to PCB size, all chip SMT machines have requirements for PCB shape. PCB yabwinobwino iyenera kukhala yamakona anayi ndi kutalika kwa mulingo wa 4: 3 kapena 5: 4 (yabwino kwambiri). If the PCB is irregularly shaped, additional measures must be taken prior to SMT assembly, resulting in increased costs. Pofuna kupewa izi kuti zisachitike, PCB iyenera kupangidwa mofananira panthawi yopanga PCB kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira za SMT. Komabe, izi ndizovuta kuchita pochita. Pomwe mawonekedwe azinthu zina zamagetsi amayenera kukhala osakhazikika, mabowo osindikizira ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsa PCB yomaliza mawonekedwe abwinobwino. Mukasonkhanitsidwa, ziphuphu zothandizira zowonjezereka zimatha kuchotsedwa ku PCB kuti zikwaniritse zowunikira zokha ndi malo.

Chithunzichi pansipa chikuwonetsa PCB ndi mawonekedwe osakhazikika, ndipo m’mphepete mwake mukuwonjezeredwa ndi pulogalamu ya Huaqiu DFM. The whole circuit board size is 80mm * 52mm, and the square area is the size of the actual PCB. The size of the upper right corner area is 40mm by 20mm, which is the auxiliary craft edge produced by the bridge of the stamp hole.

2.png

3. Njira yoyeserera

To meet the requirements of automatic manufacturing, process edges must be placed on the PCB to secure the PCB.

Pakapangidwe ka PCB, 5mm m’mbali mwake amayenera kuyikidwa pambali, osasiya chilichonse ndi zingwe. Kuwongolera kwaukadaulo nthawi zambiri kumayikidwa m’mbali yayifupi ya PCB, koma mbali yayifupi imatha kusankhidwa pomwe kuchuluka kwake kukuposa 80%. Pambuyo pa msonkhano, m’mphepete mwake mutha kuchotsedwa ngati gawo lothandizira pakupanga.

4. Mark point

For PCBS with components installed, Mark points should be added as a common reference point to ensure that component locations are accurately determined for each assembly device. Chifukwa chake, Maliko ndi ziwonetsero zopanga za SMT zofunika pakupanga makina.

Components require 2 Mark points and PCBS require 3 Mark points. These marks should be placed on the edges of the PCB board and cover all SMT components. Mtunda wapakati pakati pa Mark point ndi mbale m’mbali uyenera kukhala osachepera 5mm. Kwa PCBS yokhala ndi zigawo ziwiri za SMT, zigawo za Mark ziyenera kuikidwa mbali zonse. If the components are too close together to place Mark points on the board, they can be placed on the edge of the process.

LPCB assembly

Msonkhano wa PCB, kapena PCBA mwachidule, ndiyo njira yowotcherera pamatabwa opanda kanthu. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakupanga zodziwikiratu, msonkhano wa PCB uli ndi zofunikira phukusi la msonkhano ndi masanjidwe amisonkhano.

1. Kukhazikitsa zigawo zikuluzikulu

Pa kapangidwe ka PCBA, ngati maphukusi azigawo sakukwaniritsa miyezo yoyenera ndipo zigawo zake ndizoyandikira kwambiri, kuyika zokha sikungachitike.

Pofuna kupeza phukusi labwino kwambiri, mapulogalamu a EDA akatswiri ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutsatira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. During PCB design, the aerial view area must not overlap with other areas, and the automatic IC SMT machine will be able to accurately identify and mount the surface.

2. Component layout

Kapangidwe kazinthu ndi ntchito yofunika pakapangidwe ka PCB chifukwa magwiridwe ake ndi ogwirizana ndi zovuta za mawonekedwe a PCB ndi kupanga.

Pakapangidwe kazipangizo, mawonekedwe amisonkhano ya SMD ndi THD amayenera kutsimikizika. Apa, timayika kutsogolo kwa PCB ngati gawo A mbali ndi kumbuyo monga gawo B mbali. The assembly layout should consider the assembly form, including single layer single package assembly, double layer single package assembly, single layer mixed package assembly, Side A mixed package and side B single package assembly and side A THD and side B SMD assembly. Gulu losiyana limafunikira njira ndi maluso osiyanasiyana opanga. Therefore, in terms of component layout, the best component layout should be selected to make manufacturing simple and easy, so as to improve the manufacturing efficiency of the whole process.

In addition, consideration must be given to the orientation of component layout, spacing between components, heat dissipation, and component height.

Mwambiri, mawonekedwe azigawo ayenera kukhala ofanana. Components are laid out in accordance with the principle of minimum tracking distance, based on which components with polarity markers should have uniform polarity directions, and components without polarity markers should be neatly aligned along the X or Y axis. Kutalika kwa chigawochi kuyenera kukhala mpaka 4mm, ndipo njira yolumikizira pakati pa chigawocho ndi PCB iyenera kukhala 90 °.

Kupititsa patsogolo liwiro la kuwotcherera kwa zinthu ndikuthandizira kuyendera pambuyo pake, mipata pakati pazigawo iyenera kukhala yofanana. Zigawo za netiweki yomweyo zimayenera kukhala zoyandikana wina ndi mnzake ndipo mtunda woyenera uyenera kusiyidwa pakati pamanetiweki osiyanasiyana malinga ndi kutsika kwamagetsi. Silkscreen ndi pad siziyenera kudutsana, apo ayi zigawo sizingakhazikitsidwe.

Due to the actual operating temperature of the PCB and the thermal characteristics of the electrical components, heat dissipation should be considered. Kapangidwe kazigawo ziyenera kuyang’ana kutaya kwanyengo. Ngati ndi kotheka, gwiritsani ntchito fani kapena choziziritsira. Ma radiator oyenera ayenera kusankhidwa pazinthu zamagetsi ndi zotengera zotenthetsera kutentha ziyenera kuyikidwa kutali ndi kutentha. Chigawo chapamwamba chiyenera kuikidwa pambuyo pa chigawo chochepa.

Zambiri zimayenera kuyang’ana pa PCB DFM, ndipo zokumana nazo ziyenera kusungidwa pochita. Mwachitsanzo, zofunikira kwambiri pakapangidwe kazipangizo za PCB zili ndi zofunikira zapadera za impedance ndipo ziyenera kukambidwa ndi wopanga bolodi asanapangire zenizeni kuti adziwe momwe angakhalire osagwirizana. Pofuna kukonzekera kupanga pamabokosi ang’onoang’ono a PCB okhala ndi zingwe zowirira, kulumikizana kocheperako kotalikirana ndi kupyola-dzenje kwapakati pazoyenera kuyenera kukambidwa ndi wopanga wa PCB kuti awonetsetse kuti ma PCBS awa ndiabwino.