影響PCB可製造性的關鍵要素

作為電子產品的重要組成部分, 印刷電路板 (PCB)在實現電子產品的功能中起著關鍵作用,這導致PCB設計的重要性日益凸顯,因為PCB設計的性能直接決定了電子產品的功能和成本。 好的PCB設計可以讓電子產品遠離很多問題,從而保證產品能夠順利製造,滿足實際應用的所有需求。

印刷電路板

在所有有助於 PCB 設計的元素中,製造設計 (DFM) 絕對是必不可少的,因為它將 PCB 設計與 PCB 製造聯繫起來,以便在電子產品的整個生命週期中及早發現問題並及時解決問題。 One myth is that the complexity of PCB design will increase as manufacturability of electronics is considered at the PCB design stage. In the design life cycle of electronic products, DFM can not only make electronic products participate in automatic production smoothly, and save labor costs in the manufacturing process, but also effectively shorten the manufacturing time to ensure the timely completion of the final electronic products.

PCB可製造性

通過將可製造性與 PCB 設計相結合,製造設計是實現高效製造、高質量和低成本的關鍵因素。 The research of PCB manufacturability covers a wide range, usually divided into PCB manufacturing and PCB assembly.

LPCB production

For PCB manufacturing, the following aspects should be considered: PCB size, PCB shape, process edge and Mark point. 如果在PCB設計階段沒有充分考慮這些方面,除非採取額外的處理措施,否則自動貼片機可能無法接受預製PCB板。 更糟糕的是,有些板材無法使用手工焊接自動製造。 As a result, the manufacturing cycle will be longer and labor costs will increase.

1. PCB size

每個芯片安裝商都有自己想要的PCB尺寸,根據每個安裝商的參數而有所不同。 例如,芯片安裝商接受的最大 PCB 尺寸為 500mm * 450mm,最小 PCB 尺寸為 30mm * 30mm。 這並不意味著我們不能處理小於 30mm x 30mm 的 PCB 板組件,當需要更小的尺寸時可以依靠拼圖板。 當只能依靠人工安裝,人工成本上升,生產週期失控時,貼片機永遠不會接受過大或過小的PCB板。 Therefore, in the PCB design stage, the PCB size requirements set by automatic installation and manufacturing must be fully considered, and it must be controlled within the effective range.

下圖說明了華秋DFM軟件完成的PCB板設計文檔。 作為 5×2 板,每個方形單元都是一個單件,尺寸為 50mm x 20mm。 The connection between each unit is achieved by V-cut/V-scoring technology. In this image, the entire square is shown with a final size of 100mm by 100mm. 根據以上要求,可以得出板子尺寸在可接受範圍內的結論。

2. PCB shape

In addition to PCB size, all chip SMT machines have requirements for PCB shape. 一個普通的 PCB 應該是長寬比為 4:3 或 5:4(最好)的矩形。 If the PCB is irregularly shaped, additional measures must be taken prior to SMT assembly, resulting in increased costs. 為防止這種情況發生,在 PCB 設計階段必須將 PCB 設計成通用形狀以滿足 SMT 要求。 然而,這在實踐中很難做到。 當某些電子產品的形狀必須是不規則的時,必須使用沖壓孔使最終的PCB具有正常的形狀。 組裝時,可從PCB上去除多餘的輔助擋板,以滿足自動安裝和空間要求。

下圖為不規則形狀的PCB,加工邊由華秋DFM軟件添加。 The whole circuit board size is 80mm * 52mm, and the square area is the size of the actual PCB. The size of the upper right corner area is 40mm by 20mm, which is the auxiliary craft edge produced by the bridge of the stamp hole.

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3.工藝端

To meet the requirements of automatic manufacturing, process edges must be placed on the PCB to secure the PCB.

在PCB設計階段,要提前預留5mm寬的工藝邊緣,不留任何元器件和走線。 技術指南通常放在PCB的短邊上,但當縱橫比超過80%時可以選擇短邊。 組裝完成後,可以去除工藝邊緣作為輔助生產角色。

4. Mark point

For PCBS with components installed, Mark points should be added as a common reference point to ensure that component locations are accurately determined for each assembly device. 因此,Mark 點是自動化製造所需的 SMT 製造基準。

Components require 2 Mark points and PCBS require 3 Mark points. These marks should be placed on the edges of the PCB board and cover all SMT components. 標記點與板邊的中心距至少應為 5mm。 對於雙面SMT元件的PCBS,Mark點應放在兩側。 If the components are too close together to place Mark points on the board, they can be placed on the edge of the process.

LPCB assembly

PCB組裝,簡稱PCBA,實際上就是將元器件焊接到裸板上的過程。 為了滿足自動化製造的要求,PCB組裝對組裝封裝和組裝佈局有一定的要求。

1. 組件的包裝

PCBA設計過程中,如果元器件封裝不符合標準,元器件靠得太近,則不會發生自動安裝。

為了獲得最佳的元件封裝,應使用專業的EDA設計軟件,以符合國際元件封裝標準。 During PCB design, the aerial view area must not overlap with other areas, and the automatic IC SMT machine will be able to accurately identify and mount the surface.

2. Component layout

元件佈局是PCB設計中的一項重要任務,因為其性能直接關係到PCB外觀和製造工藝的複雜程度。

在元件佈局時,應確定 SMD 和 THD 元件的裝配面。 在這裡,我們將 PCB 的正面設置為組件 A 側,將背面設置為組件 B 側。 The assembly layout should consider the assembly form, including single layer single package assembly, double layer single package assembly, single layer mixed package assembly, Side A mixed package and side B single package assembly and side A THD and side B SMD assembly. 不同的組裝需要不同的製造工藝和技術。 Therefore, in terms of component layout, the best component layout should be selected to make manufacturing simple and easy, so as to improve the manufacturing efficiency of the whole process.

In addition, consideration must be given to the orientation of component layout, spacing between components, heat dissipation, and component height.

一般來說,組件方向應該是一致的。 Components are laid out in accordance with the principle of minimum tracking distance, based on which components with polarity markers should have uniform polarity directions, and components without polarity markers should be neatly aligned along the X or Y axis. 元件高度應達到4mm,元件與PCB之間的傳輸方向應為90°。

為了提高元件的焊接速度,方便後續檢查,元件之間的間距要一致。 同一網絡中的元件應相互靠近,不同網絡之間應根據電壓降保持安全距離。 絲印和焊盤不能重疊,否則元件將無法安裝。

Due to the actual operating temperature of the PCB and the thermal characteristics of the electrical components, heat dissipation should be considered. 元器件的佈局應注重散熱。 如有必要,請使用風扇或散熱器。 功率元件應選用合適的散熱器,熱敏元件應遠離熱源。 高組件應放在低組件之後。

更多的細節應該放在PCB DFM上,在實踐中積累經驗。 例如,高速信號 PCB 設計要求有特殊的阻抗要求,應在實際製造前與電路板製造商討論以確定阻抗和分層信息。 為了準備在佈線密集的小尺寸PCB板上生產,應與PCB製造商討論最小佈線寬度和通孔直徑製造能力,以確保這些PCBS的順利生產。