Ilimin PCB

Buga Circuie Board (PCB) gajarta ne don Kwamitin kewaye. Yawancin lokaci a cikin kayan rufi, gwargwadon ƙaddarar da aka ƙaddara, an yi ta da’irar da aka buga, abubuwan da aka buga ko haɗin duka zane -zanen da ake kira da’irar bugawa. Tsarin jadawalin haɗin haɗin lantarki tsakanin abubuwan da aka bayar akan madaidaicin insulating shine ake kira da’irar bugawa. Ta wannan hanyar, da’irar da aka buga ko layin da aka gama na katako ana kiransa allon bugawa, wanda kuma aka sani da allon bugawa ko allon bugawa.

PCB ba makawa ce ga kusan duk kayan aikin lantarki da za mu iya gani, daga agogon lantarki, kalkuleta da kwamfutoci na gaba ɗaya zuwa kwamfutoci, kayan aikin sadarwa na sadarwa da tsarin makamin soja. Muddin babu abubuwan haɗin lantarki kamar haɗaɗɗun da’irori, ana amfani da PCB don haɗin haɗin lantarki tsakanin su. Yana ba da tallafin injiniya don daidaitaccen taro na abubuwan haɗin lantarki daban -daban kamar haɗaɗɗun da’irori, yana gane wayoyi da haɗin wutar lantarki ko rufin lantarki tsakanin abubuwan lantarki daban -daban kamar haɗaɗɗun da’irori, kuma yana ba da halayen wutar lantarki da ake buƙata, kamar haɓakar halayyar, da dai sauransu A lokaci guda don samar da jadawalin toshe na atomatik; Samar da haruffan ganewa da zane don shigarwa, dubawa da kiyayewa.

Ta yaya ake yin PCBS? Lokacin da muka buɗe babban yatsan yatsa na kwamfuta mai manufa, za mu iya ganin fim mai taushi (madaidaicin insulating substrate) wanda aka buga tare da farar azurfa (manna na azurfa) zane mai gudana da yuwuwar zane. Saboda hanyar bugun allo na duniya don samun wannan jadawalin, don haka muke kiran wannan da’irar da aka buga m madaurin azurfa da aka buga. Ya bambanta da motherboards, katunan zane -zane, katunan cibiyar sadarwa, modem, katunan sauti da allon buga kewaye akan na’urorin gida da muke gani a cikin Computer City. Abun kayan da aka yi amfani da shi an yi shi da tushe na takarda (galibi ana amfani da shi don gefe ɗaya) ko ginshiƙan zane na gilashi (galibi ana amfani dashi don bangarori biyu da yawa), pre-impregnated phenolic or epoxy resin, ɗaya ko biyu na farfajiyar da aka manne da littafin jan ƙarfe sannan kuma laminated curing. Irin wannan allon kewaye yana rufe allon littafin jan ƙarfe, muna kiransa da katako. Sannan muna yin allon da’irar da aka buga, muna kiran ta da madaidaicin allon bugawa. Kwamitin da’irar da aka buga tare da zane-zanen da’irar da aka buga a gefe ɗaya ana kiransa da’irar bugawa mai gefe ɗaya, kuma bugun da’irar da aka buga tare da taswirar da’irar da aka buga a ɓangarorin biyu tana haɗe a ɓangarorin biyu ta hanyar ƙarfe ramuka, kuma muna kiran ta sau biyu -panin. Idan ana amfani da rufi mai sau biyu, hanya guda ɗaya don Layer na waje ko rufi biyu, tubalan guda biyu na faifai guda ɗaya na allon da’irar da aka buga, ta hanyar tsarin sakawa da madaidaicin kayan adon madogara da haɗaɗɗen zane mai jituwa gwargwadon buƙatun ƙirar da aka buga. jirgin ya zama huɗu, shida Layer buga da’irar kewaye, wanda kuma aka sani da multilayer buga da’ira. Yanzu akwai sama da yadudduka 100 na allon da’irar da aka buga.

Tsarin samarwa na PCB yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa, wanda ya haɗa da matakai da yawa, daga aiki na inji mai sauƙi zuwa hadaddun sarrafa injin, gami da halayen sunadarai na yau da kullun, photochemistry, electrochemistry, thermochemistry da sauran matakai, ƙirar taimakon kwamfuta (CAM) da sauran ilimi. Kuma yayin aiwatar da matsalolin aiwatarwa kuma koyaushe zai sadu da sabbin matsaloli kuma wasu matsaloli a cikin ba su gano dalilin ɓacewa ba, saboda tsarin samarwarsa wani nau’in tsari ne na ci gaba, duk wata hanyar da ba daidai ba zata haifar da samarwa a duk faɗin hukumar ko sakamakon babban adadin ɓarna, allon kewaye idan babu sake amfani da injin, Injiniyoyin aiwatarwa na iya zama masu wahala, injiniyoyi da yawa suna barin masana’antar don yin aiki a cikin tallace -tallace da sabis na fasaha don kayan PCB ko kamfanonin kayan aiki.

Don ƙarin fahimtar PCB, ya zama dole a fahimci tsarin samar da galibi mai gefe ɗaya, allon bugawa mai gefe biyu da allon multilayer, don zurfafa fahimtar sa.

Kwamfuta mai ɗorewa mai gefe ɗaya:-madaurin jan ƙarfe guda ɗaya-blanking zuwa gogewa, bushewa), hakowa ko naushi-> layukan buga allo da aka tsara ko amfani da tsayayyen fim don magance fakitin gyara, jan ƙarfe da bushewa don tsayayya da kayan bugawa, zuwa goge, bushe, allo buga juriya waldi zane (galibi ana amfani da koren mai), UV warkewa don nuna alamar bugun allo na hoto, UV warkewa, preheating, punching, da siffa-gwajin lantarki da gajeriyar gwajin kewaye-gogewa, bushewa → pre-shafi walda anti-oxidant (bushe) ko tin-spraying zafi iska matakin → dubawa marufi, ƙãre kayayyakin factory.

Kwamfutar da aka buga mai gefe biyu:-allon katako mai jan ƙarfe mai gefe biyu-blanking-laminated-nc ramin jagorar rairayi-dubawa, gogewa mai ɓarna-ɓarna na sinadarai (ƙaƙƙarfan ramin jagora)-farantin jan ƙarfe (cikakken jirgi)-goge dubawa-> allon buga hoto mara kyau na kewaye, magani (bushe fim/rigar fim, fallasawa da haɓakawa) – dubawa da gyara farantin – zane -zane na zane -zane da kwanon lantarki (juriya na nickel/zinari) -> don buga kayan (rufi) – etching jan ƙarfe – (annealing tin) don gogewa mai tsabta, galibi ana amfani da allon bugawa juriya waldi zafi yana warkar da mai mai launin kore (fim mai bushewa mai daukar hoto ko fim ɗin rigar, fallasawa, haɓakawa da warkar da zafi, galibi zafi yana warkar da mai mai ɗaukar hoto) da bushewar bushewa, don alamar bugun allo zane mai hoto, warkewa, (tin ko fim ɗin garkuwar garkuwar garkuwar jiki) don samar da aiki, tsaftacewa, bushewa zuwa gwajin kashe wutar lantarki, marufi da samfuran da aka gama.
Ta hanyar hanyar ƙarfe ramin ƙarfe na ƙera ƙirar multilayer yana gudana zuwa cikin murfin ciki na jan ƙarfe da aka lulluɓe mai gefe biyu, goge don rami na sakawa, tsayawa kan murfin bushewa ko sutura don tsayayya da fallasawa, haɓakawa da etching da fim-coarsening na ciki da hadawan abu da iskar shaka -dubawa na ciki-(samar da layin waje na laminate mai gefe guda ɗaya, B-takardar haɗin gwiwa, duba takardar faɗin farantin, ramin saka rami) don laminate, hakowa da yawa na sarrafawa-> Ruwa da dubawa kafin jiyya da plating jan ƙarfe-cikakken jirgi da dubawa na jan ƙarfe na baƙin ƙarfe – tsayawa kan juriya ga bushewar fim ɗin rufi ko rufi ga wakili mai ɗorawa don ɗaukar fallasawar ƙasa, haɓakawa da gyara farantin – ƙirar ƙirar layi – ko nickel/plating na zinari da zaɓin tin na ƙarfe na ƙarfe zuwa fim da etching – duba – allo buga juriya waldi zane ko haske jawo juriya waldi graphics – buga hali graphics – (zafi iska matakin ko kwayoyinfim ɗin waldi mai kariya) da sarrafa lambobi Siffar wankewa, tsaftacewa, bushewa dete gano haɗin lantarki, kammala binciken samfur, masana’anta shiryawa.

Ana iya ganin shi daga ginshiƙi mai gudana wanda aka haɓaka tsarin multilayer daga tsarin ƙarfe fuska biyu. Baya ga tsarin mai gefe biyu, yana da abubuwa da yawa na musamman: ramin ƙarfe mai haɗaɗɗen ciki, hakowa da ƙazantar epoxy, tsarin sakawa, lamination, da kayan musamman.

Katin mu na kwamfuta na yau da kullun shine ainihin zanen gilashin epoxy gilashi mai gefe biyu, wanda yana da gefe guda aka saka aka gyara kuma ɗayan gefen shine saman waldi na ƙafar ƙafa, yana iya ganin cewa haɗin gwal ɗin na yau da kullun ne, ƙafar ƙafa mai ƙyalli. saman waɗannan gidajen abinci na alfarma muna kiransa kushin. Me ya sa sauran wayoyin jan karfe ba su da kwano a kansu? Domin ban da solder farantin da sauran sassa na bukatar soldering, sauran surface yana da wani Layer na kalaman juriya waldi fim. Fim ɗin mai siyar da samansa galibi kore ne, kuma kaɗan suna amfani da rawaya, baƙar fata, shuɗi, da sauransu, don haka galibi ana kiran mai siyar da koren mai a masana’antar PCB. Aikinsa shine hana birgewar gadar walda ta walƙiya, haɓaka ingancin walda da adana solder da sauransu. Hakanan shine madaidaicin kariya mai kariya na allon bugawa, na iya taka rawar danshi, lalata, mildew da abrasion na inji. Daga waje, saman yana da santsi da haske mai toshe koren fim, wanda yake ɗaukar hoto ga farantin fim da zafi yana warkar da koren mai. Ba wai kawai bayyanar ta fi kyau ba, yana da mahimmanci cewa daidaiton kushin yana da girma, don inganta amincin haɗin gwiwa.

Kamar yadda muke gani daga allon kwamfuta, ana shigar da abubuwa ta hanyoyi uku. Tsarin shigarwa na shigarwa don watsawa wanda aka saka kayan lantarki cikin rami akan allon da’irar da aka buga. Abu ne mai sauƙi a ga cewa allon kewaye mai gefe biyu ta cikin ramuka sune kamar haka: ɗayan shine rami mai haɗa kayan abu mai sauƙi; Na biyu shine shigar kayan da haɗin kai mai haɗin kai ta rami; Uku ne mai sau biyu mai sauƙi ta rami; Hudu shine shigar da farantin tushe da rami na sakawa. Sauran hanyoyin hawa biyu sune hawa saman da guntu kai tsaye. A zahiri, ana iya ɗaukar fasahar hawa guntu kai tsaye azaman reshe na fasahar hawa saman, shine guntu kai tsaye a manne akan allon da aka buga, sannan a haɗa shi da allon bugawa ta hanyar walda ta waya ko hanyar ɗaukar bel, hanyar juyawa, gubar katako hanya da sauran fasahar marufi. Wurin walda yana kan farfajiyar kayan.

Fasahar hawa ta ƙasa tana da fa’idodi masu zuwa:

1) Saboda allon da aka buga yana kawar da babba ta hanyar rami ko fasahar haɗin haɗin rami, yana haɓaka girman wayoyi akan allon da aka buga, yana rage yankin allon da aka buga (gabaɗaya kashi ɗaya bisa uku na shigowar toshe), kuma yana iya rage adadin na yadudduka ƙira da farashi na allon bugawa.

2) Rage nauyi, inganta aikin girgizar ƙasa, amfani da solder colloidal da sabon fasahar walda, inganta ingancin samfuri da dogaro.

3) Saboda karuwar yawan wayoyi da gajarta tsawon gubar, an rage ƙarfin parasitic capacitance da parasitic inductance, wanda ya fi dacewa don inganta sigogin lantarki na allon bugawa.

4) Yana da sauƙin gane aiki da kai fiye da shigarwa, inganta saurin shigarwa da yawan aiki, da rage farashin taro daidai gwargwado.

Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga fasahar aminci ta saman da ke sama, an inganta fasahar hukumar kewaya tare da haɓaka fasahar kunshin guntu da fasahar hawa saman. Kwamfutar kwamfutar da muke gani yanzu tana nuna sandar saman ta tana sanya ƙima don haɓaka ba tare da tsayawa ba. A zahiri, irin wannan allon kewaye yana sake amfani da zane -zanen layin bugun allo ba zai iya biyan buƙatun fasaha ba. Sabili da haka, madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya, zane -zanen layinta da zane -zane na walƙiya su ne m kewaye da m kore mai tsari.

Tare da ci gaban da ke tattare da katako mai ƙwanƙwasawa, buƙatun samarwa na hukumar kewaye yana zama mafi girma kuma mafi girma. Ana ƙara amfani da sabbin fasahohi don samar da allon kewaya, kamar fasahar laser, resin hotuna da sauransu. Abin da ke sama shine kawai gabatarwar sararin samaniyar, akwai abubuwa da yawa a cikin samar da allon kewaye saboda ƙuntataccen sararin samaniya, kamar ramin makafi, jirgi mai hawa, allon teflon, photolithography da sauransu. Idan kuna son yin karatu mai zurfi, kuna buƙatar yin aiki tuƙuru.