Ulwazi lwe-PCB

Ephrintiwe Circuie Board (PCB) imfushane yeBhodi Yesifunda Ephrintiwe. Imvamisa ezintweni zokwambathisa, ngokusho komklamo onqunyelwe kusengaphambili, owenziwe ngesekethe ephrintiwe, izinto eziphrintiwe noma inhlanganisela yazo zombili ihluzo eziqhubayo ezibizwa ngesifunda esiphrintiwe. Igrafu eqhubayo yokuxhuma kagesi phakathi kwezingxenye ezinikezwe kwi-substrate yokuvikela ubizwa ngokuthi isifunda esiphrintiwe. Ngale ndlela, isifunda esiphrintiwe noma umugqa oprintiwe webhodi eliqediwe ubizwa ngokuthi ibhodi yesifunda ephrintiwe, eyaziwa nangokuthi ibhodi ephrintiwe noma ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe.

PCB ibaluleke kakhulu cishe kuyo yonke imishini ye-elektroniki esiyibonayo, kusukela kumawashi e-elekthronikhi, ama-calculator namakhompyutha ajwayelekile kuya kuma-computer, imishini yezokuxhumana yezokuxhumana kanye nezinhlelo zezikhali zamasosha. Uma nje zingekho izinto zikagesi ezifana namasekhethi ahlanganisiwe, i-PCB isetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kagesi phakathi kwabo. Inikeza ukusekelwa kwemishini yokuhlangana okungaguquki kwezingxenye ezahlukahlukene ze-elekthronikhi ezifana namasekhethi ahlanganisiwe, ibona ukuxhunywa kwezintambo nokuxhunywa kukagesi noma ukwahlukaniswa kukagesi phakathi kwezakhi ezahlukahlukene zikagesi ezifana namasekhethi ahlanganisiwe, futhi inikezela ngezici zikagesi ezidingekayo, njenge-impedance yesici, njll. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuhlinzeka ngokuzenzakalela ukuvimba igrafu; Nikezela ngezinhlamvu zokuhlonza kanye nemidwebo yokufakwa kwezinto, ukuhlolwa nokugcinwa.

Enziwa kanjani ama-PCBS? Lapho sivula isithupha sedrayivu yekhompiyutha ejwayelekile, singabona ifilimu elithambile (i-flexible insuring substrate) ephrintiwe ngemifanekiso yesiliva emhlophe (isiliva yokunamathisela) nemidwebo engaba khona. Ngenxa yendlela yokuphrinta isikrini yendawo yonke ukuthola leli grafu, ngakho-ke silibiza ngokuthi leli bhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe linamathisela isiliva lebhodi yesifunda ephrintiwe. Okuhlukile kumabhodi womama, amakhadi wehluzo, amakhadi enethiwekhi, amamodemu, amakhadi womsindo namabhodi wesifunda aphrintiwe ezintweni zasekhaya esizibona eComputer City. Izinto eziyisisekelo ezisetshenzisiwe zenziwe ngephepha lesisekelo (imvamisa lisetshenziselwa uhlangothi olulodwa) noma isendwangu sendwangu yengilazi (esivame ukusetshenziselwa uhlangothi olunamacala amabili nochungechunge oluningi), i-phenolic noma i-epoxy resin efakwe ngaphambili, uhlangothi olulodwa noma zombili zobuso ezinanyathiselwe incwadi yethusi bese kuphulukiswa ngopende. Lolu hlobo lwebhodi lesifunda luhlanganisa ibhodi lezincwadi zethusi, silibiza ngokuthi ibhodi eliqinile. Ngemuva kwalokho senza ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe, silibiza ngokuthi ibhodi lesifunda eliqinile eliphrintiwe. Ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe elinemidwebo yesifunda ephrintiwe ohlangothini olulodwa ibizwa ngebhodi lesifunda elilodwa eliphrintiwe, futhi ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe elinemidwebo yesekethe ephrintiwe ezinhlangothini zombili lixhunywe ezinhlangothini zombili ngokusebenzisa ukusansimbi kwezimbobo, futhi sikubiza ngokuthi -phaneli. Uma usebenzisa ulwelwesi oluphindwe kabili, indlela eyodwa yoqweqwe lwangaphandle noma ulwelwesi oluphindwe kabili, amabhlogo amabili woqweqwe lwangaphandle olulodwa lwebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe, ngohlelo lokubeka izinto nangezinye izinto zokunamathisela zokunamathisela kanye nokuhlangana kwehluzo okwenziwe ngokuya ngemfuneko yedizayini yesekethe ephrintiwe ibhodi iba ngamabhodi wesifunda amane, ayisithupha wesifunda ephrintiwe, awaziwa nangokuthi ibhodi lesifunda ephrintiwe enhlobonhlobo. Manje kunezingqimba ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabhodi wesifunda aphrintiwe asebenzayo.

Inqubo yokukhiqiza ye- PCB iyinkimbinkimbi ngokwedlulele, ebandakanya izinqubo ezahlukahlukene, kusuka ekusebenzeni okulula kwemishini kuya ekusebenzeni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemishini, kufaka phakathi ukusabela okuvamile kwamakhemikhali, i-photochemistry, i-electrochemistry, i-thermochemistry kanye nezinye izinqubo, idizayini esizwa ikhompyutha (i-CAM) nolunye ulwazi. Futhi enqubeni yezinkinga zenqubo yokukhiqiza futhi izohlala ihlangabezana nezinkinga ezintsha futhi ezinye izinkinga ezingasitholanga isizathu ziyanyamalala, ngoba inqubo yayo yokukhiqiza iwuhlobo lwefonti yomugqa oqhubekayo, noma yisiphi isixhumanisi esingalungile singadala ukukhiqizwa ebhodini noma imiphumela yenani elikhulu lezinto ezilahliwe, ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe uma kungekho okusetshenzisiwe kabusha, onjiniyela bezinqubo bangaba nengcindezi, onjiniyela abaningi bashiya imboni bayosebenza kwezentengiso nezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe bezinkampani zemishini ye-PCB noma izinto zokwakha.

Ukuze uqhubeke nokuqonda i-PCB, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqonde inqubo yokukhiqiza yebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe elekelela uhlangothi olulodwa kanye nebhodi ejwayelekile ye-multilayer, ukujulisa ukuqonda kwayo.

Ibhodi eliphrintiwe elenziwe ngohlangothi olulodwa: – igqoke ithusi elilodwa – ukuvala isikhala, ukoma), ukubhola noma ukushaya isibhakela -> imigqa yokuphrinta kwesikrini iphethini eqoshiwe noma ukusebenzisa ukumelana nefilimu eyomile ekuphulukiseni isheke lokulungisa ipuleti, ukuthungwa kwethusi nokomile ukumelana nezinto zokuphrinta, uku khuhla, komile, ukuphrinta kwesikrini sokuphrinta kwesikrini (i-oyela eluhlaza evame ukusetshenziswa), ukuphulukisa i-UV ekumakisheni uhlaka lokuphrinta kwesikrini, ukuphulukisa i-UV, ukushisa, ukushaya isibhakela, nokuma – isivivinyo sesifunda esivulekile nesifushane – ukukhuhla, ukumisa → pre-coating i-welding anti-oxidant (eyomile) noma i-tin-spraying hot air leveling → ukuhlolwa ukupakisha → imikhiqizo eqediwe.

Amabhodi aphrintiwe anezinhlangothi ezimbili: – Amabhodi ambozwe ngethusi anezinhlangothi ezimbili – ukuvaleka ngamehlo – laminated – imbobo yomhlahlandlela wokubhola wokuhlola – ukuhlolwa, ukukhuhla okuphikisanayo – ukufaka ikhemikhali ukuphrinta kwesikrini ihluzo zesekethe ezingezinhle, ikhambi (ifilimu eyomile / ifilimu emanzi, ukuvezwa nokuthuthuka) – ukuhlolwa nokulungiswa kwepuleti – ulayini we-graphing plating kanye ne-electroplating tin (ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-nickel / igolide) -> ukuphrinta impahla (enamathela) – ithusi lokuchopha – (i-annealing tin) yokukhuculula ukuhlanza okuhlanzekile, okuvame ukusetshenziswa kwesikrini ukuphrinta ukushisa ukuphulukisa uwoyela oluhlaza (ifilimu eyomile efizikilini noma ifilimu emanzi, ukuvezwa, intuthuko nokuphulukisa ukushisa, imvamisa ukushisa ukuphulukisa uwoyela ohlaza okotshani) nokuhlanza okomile, ukubekisa uphawu lokuphrinta ihluzo lomlingiswa, ukuphulukisa, (ithini noma ifilimu yokushisela evikelekile engokwemvelo) ukwakha ukucubungula, ukuhlanza, ukumisa ekuhloleni kukagesi okuvaliwe, ukupakisha nemikhiqizo eqediwe.
Ngokusebenzisa imbobo yensimbi yokwenza inqubo yokugeleza kwenqubo ye-multilayer iye kusika wangaphakathi wethusi ogqoke ukusika okunamacala amabili, khuhla ukubhoboza imbobo yokuma, unamathele enamatheni omile noma enamathela ukumelana nokuchayeka, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuchithwa nefilimu – ukufiphaza kwangaphakathi ne-oxidation – Isheke langaphakathi – (ukukhiqizwa komugqa wangaphandle wezingubo ezigqokiwe zethusi ezihlangene, i-B – ishidi lokuxhuma, ukuhlolwa kwephepha lokuqinisa ipuleti, umgodi wokubeka umgxobhozo) ukumanzisa, ukubhoboza ukulawula okuningi -> I-Hole bese uhlola ngaphambi kokwelashwa nokufakwa kophahla wamakhemikhali – ibhodi eligcwele nokuhlolwa kokumbozwa kopende omncane – ukunamathela ekumelaneni nokufakwa kwefilimu noma ukumbozwa kwi-ejenti yokufaka ukuze kugqokiswe ukuvezwa kwangaphansi, ukuthuthukiswa nokulungisa i-plate – line graph electroplating – noma i-nickel / i-plating yegolide kanye ne-electroplating tin lead alloy kwifilimu kanye ne-etching – amasheke wokuphrinta wokuvikela ukuphrinta kwesikrini noma imidwebo yokuwelda yokukhanya ekhanyisiwe – ihluzo zezinhlamvu eziphrintiwe – (ukushisa komoya okushisayo noma okwemveloi-welding film) nokulawulwa kwezinombolo Ukuwasha umumo → ukuhlanza, ukumisa → ukutholwa kokuxhunywa kagesi → ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo okuqediwe → ifektri yokupakisha.

Kungabonakala kusuka eshadini lokugeleza kwenqubo ukuthi inqubo ye-multilayer ithuthukiswa kusuka enqubeni yensimbi enobuso obubili. Ngaphezu kwenqubo emaceleni amabili, inokuqukethwe okuyingqayizivele okuningana: imbobo yensimbi exhumene ngaphakathi, ukubhola nokuncipha kwe-epoxy, uhlelo lokubeka, ukuvikela, nezinto ezikhethekile.

Ikhadi lethu lebhodi lekhompyutha elijwayelekile ngokuyisisekelo liyibhodi lendawo epoxy ingilazi emaceleni emabili ephrintiwe, enecala elilodwa elifakwe izingxenye kanti olunye uhlangothi luyindawo yokushisela yonyawo lwenyawo, iyabona ukuthi amalunga e-solder ajwayelekile kakhulu, ingxenye yensimbi yokushisela ehlukile Ingaphezulu lalezi zinhlanganisela ze-solder silibiza ngokuthi iphedi. Kungani ezinye izintambo zethusi zingenathayela kuzo? Ngoba ngaphezu kwepuleti le-solder nezinye izingxenye zesidingo sokunamathisela ngomthofu, yonke enye indawo inengqimba yefilimu lokumelana ne-wave. Ifilimu yayo ye-solder enkulu iluhlaza okotshani, kanti abambalwa basebenzisa okuphuzi, okumnyama, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, njll., Ngakho-ke uwoyela we-solder uvame ukubizwa ngamafutha aluhlaza embonini ye-PCB. Umsebenzi wawo ukuvimbela i-wave welding bridge phenomenon, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi ye-welding nokugcina i-solder njalonjalo. Kubuye kube ungqimba oluvikelayo oluhlala njalo lwebhodi eliphrintiwe, lungadlala indima yomswakama, ukugqwala, isikhutha nokuhuzuka ngomshini. Kusuka ngaphandle, ubuso bushelelezi futhi bukhanya ifilimu oluhlaza oluhlaza, okuyi-photosensitive kupuleti lefilimu nokushisa okuphulukisa uwoyela oluhlaza. Akukhona ukubukeka okungcono kuphela, kubalulekile ukuthi ukunemba kwephedi kuphakeme, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthembeka kwejoyini le-solder.

Njengoba sikwazi ukubona ebhodini lekhompyutha, izingxenye zifakwe ngezindlela ezintathu. Inqubo yokufaka i-plug-in yokudlulisa lapho kufakwa khona into kagesi emgodini odlulayo ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe. Kulula ukubona ukuthi ibhodi yesifunda ephrintiwe emaceleni emigodini imi ngale ndlela elandelayo: enye imbobo yokufaka into elula; Okwesibili ukufakwa kwengxenye nokuxhuma okuhlangana okumbili emgodini; Isithathu sinamacala amabili alula ngembobo; Okune ukufakwa kwepuleti lesisekelo nomgodi wokubeka. Ezinye izindlela ezimbili zokufaka ukukhweza phezulu kanye nokufakwa kwe-chip ngqo. Eqinisweni, ubuchwepheshe be-chip ngqo obukhonjiwe bungabhekwa njengegatsha lobuchwepheshe obukhuphuka ebusweni, yi-chip enamathele ngqo ebhodini eliphrintiwe, bese ixhunywe ebhodini eliphrintiwe ngendlela ye-welding noma indlela yokulayisha ibhande, indlela ye-flip, i-beam lead indlela nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha. Ingaphezulu le-welding liphezu kwengxenye yesakhi.

Ubuchwepheshe bokufakwa ngaphezulu bunezinzuzo ezilandelayo:

1) Ngenxa yokuthi ibhodi eliphrintiwe lisusa enkulu ngokusebenzisa umgodi noma umgodi wokuxhuma umgodi wokungcwaba, ithuthukisa ukuminyana kwentambo ebhodini eliphrintiwe, inciphisa indawo yebhodi ephrintiwe (imvamisa ingxenye eyodwa kokuthathu yokufakwa kwe-plug-in), futhi inganciphisa nenombolo wezendlalelo zokwakhiwa nezindleko zebhodi eliphrintiwe.

2) Isisindo esehlisiwe, ukusebenza okuthuthukile kokuzamazama komhlaba, ukusetshenziswa kwe-colloidal solder nobuchwepheshe obusha bokushisela, kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo nokuthembeka.

3) Ngenxa yokwanda kwenani lezintambo kanye nokufinyezwa kobude bokuhola, amandla we-parasitic kanye ne-inductance ye-parasitic ancishisiwe, okulungele kakhulu ukwenza ngcono imingcele kagesi webhodi eliphrintiwe.

I-4) Kulula ukubona i-automation kunokufakwa kwe-plug-in, ukuthuthukisa isivinini sokufakwa nokusebenza komkhiqizo, nokunciphisa izindleko zomhlangano ngokufanele.

Njengoba kungabonakala kubuchwepheshe obungenhla bokuphepha komhlaba, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bebhodi lesifunda kuyathuthukiswa ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokupakisha i-chip nobuchwepheshe bokukhuphuka komhlaba. Ibhodi lamakhompiyutha esilibonayo manje lifaka induku yalo ebusweni ifaka izinga lokukhuphuka ngokungapheli. Eqinisweni, lolu hlobo lwebhodi lesifunda olusebenzisa kabusha ihluzo lokuphrinta kwesikrini lokudlulisa alikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, ibhodi lesifunda elijwayelekile lokunemba okuphezulu, ihluzo lalo lomugqa kanye nehluzo le-welding kuyisifunda esibucayi kakhulu kanye no-oyela oluhlaza obucayi inqubo yokukhiqiza.

Ngomkhuba wokuthuthuka webhodi lesifunda eliphakeme kakhulu, izidingo zokukhiqiza zebhodi lesifunda ziya ngokuya ngokuya zikhula. Ubuchwepheshe obusha obengeziwe busetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ibhodi lesifunda, njenge-laser technology, resin photosensitive nokunye. Lokhu okungenhla kumane nje kuyisingeniso esikha phezulu, kunezinto eziningi ekukhiqizeni ibhodi lesifunda ngenxa yezingqinamba zesikhala, njengembobo engaboni, ibhodi elijikayo, ibhodi le-teflon, ifotholithography njalonjalo. Uma ufuna ukufunda ngokujulile, udinga ukusebenza kanzima.