Chidziwitso cha PCB

Kusindikizidwa Circuie Board (PCB) ndi lalifupi kwa Board yosindikizidwa. Nthawi zambiri pazinthu zotchingira, kutengera makonzedwe omwe adakonzedweratu, opangidwa ndi makina osindikizidwa, zigawo zosindikizidwa kapena kuphatikiza kwa zithunzi zonse zotsogola zotchedwa dera losindikizidwa. Gulu loyendetsa bwino lolumikizana kwamagetsi pakati pazinthu zoperekedwa pagawo lotetezera limatchedwa dera losindikizidwa. Mwanjira imeneyi, makina osindikizidwa kapena mzere wosindikizidwa wa board yomalizidwa amatchedwa board board, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti board yosindikizidwa kapena board board.

PCB ndichofunikira kwambiri pazida zonse zamagetsi zomwe titha kuziwona, kuyambira paulonda wamagetsi, ma makina owerengera ndi makompyuta wamba mpaka makompyuta, zida zamagetsi zolumikizirana ndi zida zankhondo. Malingana ngati kulibe zinthu zamagetsi monga ma circuits ophatikizika, PCB imagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizirana kwamagetsi pakati pawo. Amapereka chithandizo chamakina pamsonkhano wokhazikika wazida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi monga ma circuits ophatikizika, amazindikira kulumikizana kwa magetsi ndi kulumikizana kwamagetsi kapena kutchinjiriza kwamagetsi pakati pazinthu zamagetsi zosiyanasiyana monga ma circuits ophatikizika, ndikupereka mawonekedwe amagetsi, monga ma impedance amakanema, ndi zina zambiri Nthawi yomweyo kupereka basi solder kutsekereza graph; Fotokozerani zilembo ndi zithunzi kuti mupangitse kukhazikitsa, kuyang’anira ndi kukonza.

Kodi PCBS amapangidwa bwanji? Tikatsegula chala chachikulu chamakompyuta omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, titha kuwona kanema wofewa (wosunthika wotsekemera gawo) wosindikizidwa ndi zoyera zasiliva zoyera (zithunzi zasiliva) ndi zithunzi zake. Chifukwa cha njira yosindikizira pazenera kuti tipeze graph iyi, chifukwa chake timayitcha kuti board board yosindikiza yosinthasintha board yosindikiza. Mosiyana ndi ma boardboard, ma makadi ojambula, ma kirediti kadi, ma modem, makhadi omvera ndi ma board osindikizidwa pazida zapanyumba zomwe timawona ku Computer City. Zomwe amagwiritsira ntchito amapangidwa ndi pepala (lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito mbali imodzi) kapena nsalu yamagalasi (yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pophatikiza mbali ziwiri). mkuwa buku kenako laminated kuchiritsa. Gulu lamtunduwu limakhudza bolodi lamkuwa, timalitcha bolodi yolimba. Kenako timapanga bolodi losindikiza, timalitcha bolodi yosanjikiza yolimba. Bokosi losindikizidwa lokhala ndi zithunzi zosindikizidwa mbali imodzi limatchedwa bolodi yosanjikiza ya mbali imodzi, ndipo bolodi losindikizidwa lokhala ndi zithunzi zosindikizidwa mbali zonsezo limalumikizidwa mbali zonse ziwiri kudzera pakulimba kwa mabowo, ndipo timalitcha kutiwiri -panelo. Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira ziwiri, njira ziwiri zosanjikiza zakunja kapena zolumikizira ziwiri, mabuloko awiri osanjikiza akunja a bolodi losindikizidwa, kudzera pamakina oyikapo ndi zinthu zina zomatira zotchingira komanso kulumikizana kwazithunzi mogwirizana bolodi amakhala anayi, asanu wosanjikiza kusindikizidwa dera bolodi, amatchedwanso multilayer kusindikizidwa dera bolodi. Tsopano pali zigawo zoposa 100 zama board osindikizidwa othandiza.

Njira yopangira PCB ndizovuta, zomwe zimakhudza njira zingapo, kuyambira makina osavuta kukonza mpaka makina osakanikirana, kuphatikiza machitidwe amachitidwe, photochemistry, electrochemistry, thermochemistry ndi njira zina, kapangidwe kothandizidwa ndi makompyuta (CAM) ndi chidziwitso china. Ndipo pakakhala zovuta pakupanga ndipo nthawi zonse amakumana ndi mavuto ena ndipo mavuto ena sanapeze chifukwa chake chimazimiririka, chifukwa kapangidwe kake ndi mtundu wa mzere wopitilira, ulalo uliwonse wolakwika ungapangitse kupanga kudera lonse kapena Zotsatira za zidutswa zambiri, zosindikizidwa ngati board palibe zotsalira zobwezeretsanso, Akatswiri opanga ma processor amatha kukhala opanikiza, mainjiniya ambiri amasiya ntchito kuti agulitse ndi ntchito zaukadaulo kwa zida zama PCB kapena makampani azinthu.

Pofuna kumvetsetsa PCB, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa magwiridwe antchito amtundu umodzi, wokhala ndi mbali ziwiri zosindikizira ndi bolodi wamba wa multilayer, kukulitsa kumvetsetsa kwake.

Bokosi losindikizidwa lokhala ndi matumba amodzi: – chovala chamkuwa chokha – chofufutira, chowuma), kuboola kapena kukhomerera -> mizere yosindikiza pazenera kapena kugwiritsa ntchito kanema wouma kukana kuchiritsa mbale yokhotakhota, mkuwa wouma komanso wouma kukana zinthu zosindikizira, kuti chopukutira, chowuma, chosindikiza pazithunzi zosawotchera (mafuta obiriwira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri), UV kuchiritsa pamakhalidwe osindikiza zithunzi, kuchiritsa kwa UV, kutentha, kukhomerera, ndi mawonekedwe – mayeso oyendera magetsi ndi kufupikitsa – kusesa, kuyanika → chisanadze kuwotcherera odana ndi okosijeni (youma) kapena malata-kupopera otentha mpweya kukhazikika → kuyendera ma CD → yomalizidwa mankhwala fakitale.

Bokosi losindikizidwa lokhala ndi mbali ziwiri: – matabwa okhala ndi mkuwa wokhala ndi mbali ziwiri – osalaza – laminated – nc kubowola kalozera – kuyendera, kupukuta kopaka – kupaka mankhwala (kalozera metallization) – kupyola mkuwa wocheperako (bolodi lonse) – kuyang’anitsitsa kukwapula -> kusindikiza pazithunzi zojambula zoyipa, kuchiritsa (kanema wouma / kanema wonyowa, kuwonekera ndi chitukuko) – kuyendera ndikukonzekera mbale – mzere wazithunzi wazitsulo ndi malata osanjikiza (dzimbiri kukana kwa faifi tambala / golide) -> kusindikiza zinthu (zokutira) – mkuwa wokometsera – (annealing malata) kuti azitsuka zoyera, zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazithunzi kusindikiza kutenthetsa kutentha komwe kumachiritsa mafuta obiriwira (kanema wowoneka bwino wouma kapena kanema wonyowa, kuwonekera, chitukuko ndi kutentha kwa kutentha, nthawi zambiri kutentha kwamankhwala mafuta obiriwira obiriwira) ndikuyeretsa kouma, kusindikiza chizindikiro zojambulajambula, kuchiritsa, (malata kapena kanema wotetezedwa) kuti apange kukonza, kuyeretsa, kuyanika pamagetsi oyeserera, kulongedza ndi zomaliza.
Kudzera njira ya metallization yopanga njira yama multilayer yoyenda mpaka mkati wosanjikiza wamkuwa wonyezimira kawiri, kutsuka kuti kuboola masenje, kumamatira pachipilala chouma kapena zokutira kuti mupewe kuwonekera, chitukuko ndi kutentha ndi kanema – kuzizira kwamkati ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni – cheke chamkati – (mzere wakunja wopanga ma laminates amphongo amtundu umodzi, B – pepala lokulumikiza, kuyang’anira mbale yolumikizira, kubowola poyikapo dzenje) kupangira, kubowola kangapo -> Bowo ndikuyang’ana musanalandire mankhwala ndi ma plating amkuwa – bolodi lonse ndi kuyang’anitsitsa koyika kophatikizika kwamkuwa – kumamatira kukana kuyanika kwa kanema kapena kuphimba kwa wothandizila kuti avale pansi, chitukuko ndikukonzekera mbale – mzere wazithunzi zamagetsi – kapena nickel / golide ndi electroplating malata kutsogolera aloyi ku film ndi theching – cheke-mawonekedwe osindikiza osakanikirana kapena zithunzi zowotcherera zosakanikirana – zithunzi zosindikizidwa – (kutentha kwa mpweya wotentha kapena organicKanema wotetezedwa) komanso kuwerengera manambala Kusamba mawonekedwe → kuyeretsa, kuyanika → kuzindikira kwa magetsi

Zitha kuwonedwa pazomwe zikuyenda poyenda kuti njira yama multilayer imapangidwa kuchokera pamakina azitsulo zazitsulo ziwiri. Kuphatikiza pa njira ziwiri, ili ndi zinthu zingapo zapadera: metallized hole interconnect, kuboola ndi epoxy decontamination, systeming, lamination, ndi zida zapadera.

Khadi lathu lomwe timakonda kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta limakhala epoxy galasi losanjikiza kawiri losindikizidwa, lomwe lili ndi mbali imodzi yoyikidwapo ndipo mbali inayo ndi gawo lazowotchera phazi, limatha kuwona kuti zolumikizira za solder ndizokhazikika, gawo lazitsulo Pamwamba pamalumikizidwe awa a solder timatcha pad. Chifukwa chiyani mawaya ena amkuwa alibe malata? Chifukwa kuwonjezera pa mbale ya solder ndi mbali zina zakufunika kwa soldering, malo ena onse amakhala ndi kanema wosanjikiza wamawonekedwe osakanikirana. Mafilimu ake otsekemera amakhala obiriwira, ndipo ochepa amagwiritsa ntchito chikasu, chakuda, buluu, ndi zina zambiri, motero mafuta a solder amatchedwa mafuta obiriwira m’makampani a PCB. Ntchito yake ndikuletsa mawonekedwe a mlatho wowotchera, kukonza mawonekedwe ndi kuwotcha ndi zina zotero. Ndiwotchinjiriza kosatha kwa bolodi losindikizidwa, imatha kusewera ndi chinyezi, dzimbiri, cinoni ndi kumva kuwawa kwa makina. Kuchokera panja, pamwamba pake pamakhala bwino komanso wowoneka bwino wobiriwira wobiriwira, womwe umakhala wowoneka bwino pa mbale yamafilimu ndi kutentha komwe kumachiritsa mafuta obiriwira. Sikuti mawonekedwe okha ndi abwino, ndikofunikira kuti kulondola kwa pad ndikokwera, kuti pakhale kudalirika kwa cholumikizira cha solder.

Monga tikuwonera kuchokera pa bolodi la makompyuta, zida zimayikidwa m’njira zitatu. Njira yokonzera plug-in yofalitsira momwe zida zamagetsi zimayikidwa mu dzenje lapa bolodi losindikizidwa. Ndikosavuta kuwona kuti bolodi loyenda pamitundu iwiri kudzera m’mabowo ndi awa: imodzi ndi gawo losavuta lowonjezera; Chachiwiri ndikulowetsa gawo ndi kulumikizana kwaziphatikizi kudzera poboola; Zitatu ndizosanjikiza kawiri kupyola mdzenje; Chachinayi ndikukhazikitsa mbale yoyikira ndi dzenje loyikira. Njira ziwiri zowonjezerazi ndizokwera pamwamba ndi kukweza kwa chip mwachindunji. M’malo mwake, ukadaulo wa chip wolunjika ukhoza kuonedwa ngati nthambi yaukadaulo wapamwamba, ndi chip cholumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi bolodi losindikizidwa, kenako ndikulumikizidwa ndi bolodi losindikizidwa ndi njira yowotcherera waya kapena njira yokhotakhota, njira yoyambira, mtengo wotsogola njira ndi zina ma CD luso. Pamwamba powotcherera pamtundu wapano.

Ukadaulo wokwera pamwamba uli ndi maubwino awa:

1) Chifukwa bolodi lomwe limasindikizidwa limachotsa kwakukulu kudzera muukadaulo kapena ukadaulo wolumikizidwa wa dzenje, limathandizira kukhathamiritsa kwa bolodi pa bolodi losindikizidwa, kumachepetsa malo osindikizira (makamaka gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kukhazikitsa kwa pulagi), komanso kumachepetsa kuchuluka yazakapangidwe kapangidwe kake ndi mtengo wa zomwe zidasindikizidwa.

2) Kuchepetsa kulemera, magwiridwe antchito am’madzi, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa colloidal solder ndi ukadaulo watsopano, kuwongolera mtundu wazogulitsa komanso kudalirika.

3) Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kachulukidwe ka zingwe komanso kufupikitsa kutalika kwa lead, mphamvu yamatenda ndi kuchepa kwa parasitic kwachepetsedwa, komwe kumathandizira kukweza magawo amagetsi a bolodi losindikizidwa.

4) Ndikosavuta kuzindikira zokhazokha kuposa kukhazikitsa kolowera, kukonza liwiro lokonzekera ndi zokolola pantchito, ndikuchepetsa mtengo wamisonkhano moyenera.

Monga tingawonere kuchokera paukadaulo wapamwamba wotetezera pamwambapa, kusintha kwa ukadaulo wa board yoyenda kumawongoleredwa ndikusintha kwa ukadaulo wa chip ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba. Bokosi lamakompyuta lomwe tikuwona tsopano lili ndi chikwangwani chake chapamwamba chimakhazikitsa milingo yokwera mosalekeza. M’malo mwake, mtundu uwu wama board omwe amagwiritsanso ntchito makina osindikizira osindikizira sangathe kukwaniritsa zofunikira. Chifukwa chake, bolodi wamba loyendera mwapamwamba, zithunzi zake ndi mawonekedwe owotcherera amakhala oyenda bwino komanso mafuta obiriwira obiriwira ntchito yopanga.

Ndikukula kwakapangidwe kanyumba kakang’ono kofunikira, zofunikira pakupanga kwa board board zikukula ndikukwera. More ndi umisiri watsopano ntchito yopanga bolodi dera, monga luso laser, utomoni photosensitive ndi zina zotero. Zomwe zili pamwambazi ndizongopeka chabe kwapadziko lapansi, pali zinthu zambiri pakupanga bolodi loyenda chifukwa cha zovuta zapanyumba, monga dzenje lakhungu, bolodi loyenda, teflon board, photolithography ndi zina zambiri. Ngati mukufuna kuphunzira mozama, muyenera kugwira ntchito mwakhama.