Koji su postupci oblaganja za PCB?

The electroplating process of pločica može se grubo klasificirati u galvanizaciju kiselog sjajnog bakra, galvaniziranog nikla / zlata i galvaniziranog kositra.

Linija za oblaganje

1、 Classification of electroplating process:

Kiselinski sjajni bakar za galvanizaciju nikla / zlatnog galvanskog lima

2, Tok procesa:

Pickling → copper plating on the whole board → pattern transfer → acid degreasing → secondary countercurrent rinsing → micro etching → secondary → pickling → tin plating → secondary countercurrent rinsing

Countercurrent rinsing → acid dipping → graphic copper plating → secondary countercurrent rinsing → nickel plating → secondary water washing → citric acid dipping → gold plating → recovery → 2-3-stage pure water washing → drying

3、 Process Description:

（1） Pickling

① Role and purpose:

Remove the oxide on the plate surface and activate the plate surface. Generally, the concentration is 5%, and some are maintained at about 10%, mainly to prevent the water from bringing in and causing the unstable sulfuric acid content in the tank liquid;

② The acid leaching time should not be too long to prevent oxidation of the plate surface; After use for a period of time, if the acid solution is turbid or the copper content is too high, it shall be replaced in time to prevent contamination of the plated copper cylinder and plate surface;

Here Ovdje se koristi sumporna kiselina razreda CP;

（2） Full plate copper plating: also known as primary copper, plate electricity, panel plating ① function and purpose:

Protect the thin chemical copper just deposited, prevent the chemical copper from being etched by acid after oxidation, and add it to a certain extent by electroplating

Parameters Parametri procesa koji se odnose na bakrenu oblogu na cijeloj ploči: otopina za kupanje uglavnom se sastoji od bakrenog sulfata i sumporne kiseline. Formula visoke kiseline i niskog bakra usvojena je kako bi se osigurala ujednačenost raspodjele debljine ploče i sposobnost dubokog oblaganja za duboke rupe tijekom galvanizacije; Sadržaj sumporne kiseline je uglavnom 180 g / L, a većina ih doseže 240 g / L; Sadržaj bakrenog sulfata općenito je oko 75 g / L. osim toga, mala količina kloridnog iona dodaje se u tekućinu spremnika kao pomoćno sredstvo za sjaj i sredstvo za sjaj bakra kako bi zajedno poigrali učinak sjaja; Količina dodatka ili količina otvaranja cilindra bakrenog laka općenito je 3-5 ml / L. Dodatak bakrenog laka općenito se nadopunjuje prema metodi od kiloamperskih sati ili prema stvarnom učinku proizvodnje; Struja cijele galvanizacije ploče općenito se izračunava množenjem 2 A / kvadratni decimetar s površinom galvanizacije na ploči. Za cijelu ploču to je duljina ploče DM × širina ploče DM × dvije × 2A/ DM2 ； Temperatura bakrenog cilindra održava se na sobnoj temperaturi, općenito ne više od 32 stupnja, uglavnom kontroliranom na 22 stupnja. Stoga se zbog visoke temperature ljeti preporučuje ugradnja sustava za kontrolu temperature hlađenja za bakreni cilindar;

③ Process maintenance:

Napunite bakreni lak na vrijeme prema kiloamperskim satima svaki dan i dodajte ga prema 100-150 ml / Kah; Provjerite radi li pumpa filtra normalno i ima li curenja zraka; Očistite katodnu vodljivu šipku čistom vlažnom krpom svaka 2-3 sata; Sadržaj bakrenog sulfata (jednom tjedno), sumporne kiseline (jednom tjedno) i kloridnog iona (dva puta tjedno) u bakrenom cilindru mora se redovito analizirati svaki tjedan, sadržaj posvjetljivača prilagođavat će se Hall -ovim testom ćelija, i odgovarajuće sirovine moraju se na vrijeme nadopuniti; Očistite vodljivu šipku anode i električne konektore na oba kraja spremnika svaki tjedan, na vrijeme napunite anodnu bakrenu kuglu u titanovoj košari i elektrolizirajte niskom strujom 0.2-0.5 ASD tijekom 6-8 sati; Svaki mjesec provjerite je li anodna vrećica od titana oštećena i zamijenite je na vrijeme; Provjerite nakuplja li se anodno blato na dnu anodne titanijske korpe i očistite ga na vrijeme, ako ga ima; Ugljikova jezgra korištena je za kontinuirano filtriranje 6-8 sati, a nečistoće su istovremeno uklonjene elektrolizom male struje; Otprilike svakih pola godine utvrdite je li potreban opsežan tretman (prah s aktivnim ugljenom) u skladu s onečišćenjem tekućine u spremniku; Zamijenite filter element pumpe filtra svaka dva tjedna;

④ Major treatment procedure: A. take out the anode, pour out the anode, clean the anode film on the anode surface, and then put it in the barrel packaging the copper anode. Roughen the copper corner surface to uniform pink with micro etchant. After washing and drying, put it into the titanium basket and put it into the acid tank for standby. B. soak the anode titanium basket and anode bag in 10% alkaline solution for 6-8 hours, wash and dry with water, and then soak in 5% dilute sulfuric acid, Wash and dry with water for standby; C. Transfer the tank liquid to the standby tank, add 1-3ml / L 30% hydrogen peroxide, start heating, turn on air stirring when the temperature is about 65 ℃, and stir with insulated air for 2-4 hours; D. Turn off the air stirring, slowly dissolve the activated carbon powder into the tank solution at the rate of 3-5g / L, turn on the air stirring after the dissolution is complete, and keep it warm for 2-4 hours; E. Turn off the air stirring, heat up and let the activated carbon powder settle to the bottom of the tank slowly; F. When the temperature drops to about 40 ℃, use 10um PP filter element and filter aid powder to filter the tank liquid into the cleaned working tank, turn on air stirring, put the anode, hang it into the electrolytic plate, and electrolyze at low current according to 0.2-0.5asd current density for 6-8 hours. G. adjust the content of sulfuric acid, copper sulfate and chloride ion in the tank to the normal operation range after laboratory analysis; Replenish the brightener according to the Hall cell test results; H. After the color of the plate is uniform, the electrolysis can be stopped, and then the electrolytic film is treated for 1-2 hours according to the current density of 1-1.5asd. A layer of black phosphorus film with uniform dense adhesion is formed on the anode; 1. Test plating OK;

⑤ The anode copper ball contains 0.3-0.6% phosphorus. The main purpose is to reduce the anode dissolution efficiency and reduce the production of copper powder;

⑥ When replenishing drugs, if the amount is large, such as copper sulfate and sulfuric acid; Low current electrolysis shall be conducted after addition; Pay attention to safety when adding sulfuric acid. When the amount of sulfuric acid is large (more than 10 liters), add it slowly several times; Otherwise, the temperature of the bath liquid will be too high, the photocatalyst decomposition will be accelerated, and the bath liquid will be polluted;

⑦ Special attention shall be paid to the supplement of chloride ion, because the chloride ion content is particularly low (30-90ppm), it must be weighed accurately with a measuring cylinder or measuring cup before adding; 1ml hydrochloric acid contains about 385ppm chloride ion,

⑧ Drug addition calculation formula:

Copper sulfate (kg) = (75-x) × Tank volume (L) / 1000

Sulfuric acid (in liters) = (10% – x) g / L × Tank volume (L)

Or (in liters) = (180-x) g / L × Tank volume (L) / 1840

Hydrochloric acid (ML) = (60-x) ppm × Tank volume (L) / 385

（3） Acid degreasing

① Svrha i funkcija: uklonite oksid s bakrene površine žice, zaostali film tinte i zaostalo ljepilo te osigurajte prianjanje između primarnog bakra i galvaniziranog bakra ili nikla

② Remember to use acid degreaser here. Why not use alkaline degreaser, and the degreasing effect of alkaline degreaser is better than that of acid degreaser? Mainly because the graphic ink is not alkali resistant and will damage the graphic circuit, only acidic degreaser can be used before graphic electroplating.

③ Tijekom proizvodnje potrebno je samo kontrolirati koncentraciju i vrijeme odmašćivača. Koncentracija odmašćivača je oko 10%, a vrijeme je zajamčeno 6 minuta. Malo duže vrijeme neće imati štetne učinke; Korištenje i zamjena tekućine u spremniku također se temelji na 15 m2 / L radne tekućine, a dodatni dodatak temelji se na 100 m2 0—5。 0L ；

（4） Micro etching:

Eatching Line

① Purpose and function: clean and roughen the copper surface of the circuit to ensure the bonding force between pattern electroplating copper and primary copper

② Sodium persulfate is mostly used as the micro etchant, with stable and uniform coarsening rate and good water washability. The concentration of sodium persulfate is generally controlled at about 60 g / L and the time is controlled at about 20 seconds. The addition of drugs is 3-4 kg per 100 square meters; Copper content shall be controlled below 20 g / L; Other maintenance and cylinder replacement are the same as copper precipitation micro corrosion.

（5） Pickling

① Role and purpose:

Remove the oxide on the plate surface and activate the plate surface. Generally, the concentration is 5%, and some are maintained at about 10%, mainly to prevent the water from bringing in and causing the unstable sulfuric acid content in the tank liquid;

② The acid leaching time should not be too long to prevent oxidation of the plate surface; After use for a period of time, if the acid solution is turbid or the copper content is too high, it shall be replaced in time to prevent contamination of the plated copper cylinder and plate surface;

Here Ovdje se koristi sumporna kiselina razreda CP;

（6） Graphic copper plating: also known as secondary copper, circuit copper plating

① Purpose and function: in order to meet the rated current load of each line, each line and hole copper need to reach a certain thickness. For the purpose of line copper plating, the hole copper and line copper shall be thickened to a certain thickness in time;

② Other items are the same as full plate electroplating

（7） Electroplated tin ① purpose and function: the purpose of graphic electroplated pure tin mainly uses pure tin as a metal resist layer to protect circuit etching;

② The bath liquid is mainly composed of stannous sulfate, sulfuric acid and additives; Stannous sulfate content is controlled at about 35 g / L and sulfuric acid is controlled at about 10%; The addition of tin plating additives is generally supplemented according to the method of kiloampere hour or according to the actual production effect; The current of electroplated tin is generally calculated as 1. 5 A / square decimeter multiplied by the electroplating area on the plate; The temperature of the tin cylinder is maintained at room temperature. Generally, the temperature does not exceed 30 degrees and is mostly controlled at 22 degrees. Therefore, due to the high temperature in summer, it is recommended to install a cooling and temperature control system for the tin cylinder;

③ Process maintenance:

Pravovremeno nadopunjujte dodatke za oblaganje kositra prema kiloamperskim satima svaki dan; Provjerite radi li pumpa filtra normalno i ima li curenja zraka; Očistite vodljivu šipku katode čistom mokrom krpom svaka 2-3 sata; Redovito svaki tjedan analizirajte kositrov sulfat (jednom tjedno) i sumpornu kiselinu (jednom tjedno) u limenom cilindru, prilagođavajte sadržaj dodataka kositra oplatom pomoću Hall -ovog testa i na vrijeme dopunite relevantne sirovine; Svaki tjedan očistite vodljivu šipku anode i električne priključke na oba kraja spremnika; Elektroliza sa niskom strujom 0.2-0.5 ASD tijekom 6-8 sati svaki tjedan; Anodna vrećica mora se provjeravati svaki mjesec na oštećenja, a oštećena se mora zamijeniti na vrijeme; Provjerite ima li anodnog blata na dnu anodne vrećice i očistite ga na vrijeme ako ga ima; Filtrirajte kontinuirano s ugljičnom jezgrom 6-8 sati svaki mjesec i uklonite nečistoće elektrolizom male struje; Otprilike svakih pola godine utvrdite je li potreban opsežan tretman (prah s aktivnim ugljenom) u skladu s onečišćenjem tekućine u spremniku; Zamijenite filter element pumpe filtra svaka dva tjedna;

⑨ Major treatment procedure: A. take out the anode, remove the anode bag, clean the anode surface with a copper brush, wash and dry it with water, put it into the anode bag and put it into the acid tank for standby. B. soak the anode bag in 10% alkaline solution for 6-8 hours, wash and dry it with water, soak it in 5% dilute sulfuric acid, and wash and dry it with water for standby; C. Transfer the cell solution to the standby cell and slowly dissolve the activated carbon powder into the cell solution at the rate of 3-5g / L. after the solution is completely dissolved, adsorb it for 4-6 hours, filter the cell solution with 10um PP filter element and filter aid powder to the cleaned working cell, put it into the anode, hang it into the electrolytic plate, and electrolyze at low current of 0.2-0.5asd current density for 6-8 hours. D. adjust the sulfuric acid in the cell after chemical analysis, Stannous sulfate content within normal operating range; Add tin plating additives according to the Hall cell test results; E. Stop electrolysis after the color of the electrolytic plate surface is uniform; F. Test plating OK;

④ When replenishing drugs, if the addition amount is large, such as stannous sulfate and sulfuric acid; Low current electrolysis shall be conducted after addition; Pay attention to safety when adding sulfuric acid. When the amount of sulfuric acid is large (more than 10 liters), add it slowly several times; Otherwise, the bath temperature will be too high, the tin oxide will be oxidized, and the aging of the liquid will be accelerated.

⑤ Drug addition calculation formula:

Stannous sulfate (unit: kg) = (40-x) × Tank volume (L) / 1000

Sulfuric acid (in liters) = (10% – x) g / L × Tank volume (L)

Or (in liters) = (180-x) g / L × Tank volume (L) / 1840

（9） niklovanje

Pose Svrha i funkcija: nikalni se sloj uglavnom koristi kao zaštitni sloj između sloja bakra i sloja zlata kako bi se spriječila međusobna difuzija zlata i bakra te utjecalo na zavarljivost i vijek trajanja ploče; Istodobno, podloga sloja nikla također uvelike povećava mehaničku čvrstoću sloja zlata;

② Process parameters related to copper plating on the whole plate: the addition of nickel plating additives is generally supplemented according to the method of kiloampere hour, or the addition amount is about 200ml / Kah according to the actual production effect of the plate; The current of pattern electroless nickel plating is generally calculated by multiplying 2 A / square decimeter by the electroplating area on the plate; The temperature of the nickel cylinder is maintained at 40-55 degrees, and the general temperature is about 50 degrees. Therefore, the nickel cylinder should be equipped with heating and temperature control system;

③ Process maintenance:

Timely supplement nickel plating additives according to kiloampere hours every day; Check whether the filter pump works normally and whether there is air leakage; Clean the cathode conductive rod with a clean wet rag every 2-3 hours; Analyze the contents of nickel sulfate (nickel sulfamate) (once a week), nickel chloride (once a week) and boric acid (once a week) in the copper cylinder regularly every week, adjust the content of nickel plating additives through Hall cell test, and supplement relevant raw materials in time; Clean the anode conductive rod and the electrical connectors at both ends of the tank every week, supplement the anode nickel angle in the titanium basket in time, and electrolyze with low current 0.2-0.5 ASD for 6-8 hours; Check whether the titanium basket bag of anode is damaged every month, and replace it in time; Check whether anode mud is accumulated at the bottom of anode titanium basket, and clean it in time if any; Carbon core was used for continuous filtration for 6-8 hours, and impurities were removed by low current electrolysis at the same time; Every half a year or so, determine whether large-scale treatment (activated carbon powder) is required according to the tank liquid pollution; Replace the filter element of the filter pump every two weeks;

④ Major treatment procedure: A. take out the anode, pour out the anode, clean the anode, and then put it in the barrel packed with nickel corner, roughen the surface of nickel corner with micro etchant to uniform pink. After washing and drying, put it into the titanium basket and put it into the acid tank for standby. B. soak the anode titanium basket and anode bag in 10% alkaline solution for 6-8 hours, wash and dry with water, and then soak in 5% dilute sulfuric acid, Wash and dry with water for standby; C. Transfer the tank liquid to the standby tank, add 1-3ml / L 30% hydrogen peroxide, start heating, turn on air stirring when the temperature is about 65 ℃, and stir with insulated air for 2-4 hours; D. Turn off the air stirring, slowly dissolve the activated carbon powder into the tank solution at the rate of 3-5g / L, turn on the air stirring after the dissolution is complete, and keep it warm for 2-4 hours; E. Turn off the air stirring, heat up and let the activated carbon powder settle to the bottom of the tank slowly; F. When the temperature drops to about 40 ℃, use 10um PP filter element and filter aid powder to filter the tank liquid into the cleaned working tank, turn on air stirring, put in the anode, hang it into the electrolytic plate, and press 0. 2-0。 5asd current density low current electrolysis for 6-8 hours, G. after chemical analysis, adjust the content of nickel sulfate or nickel sulfamate, nickel chloride and boric acid in the tank to the normal operating range; Add nickel plating additives according to the Hall cell test results; H. After the color of the electrolytic plate surface is uniform, stop electrolysis, and then conduct electrolytic treatment according to the current density of 1-1.5 ASD for 10-20 minutes to activate the anode; 1. Test plating OK;

⑤ When supplementing drugs, if the addition amount is large, such as nickel sulfate or nickel sulfamate and nickel chloride, it shall be electrolyzed with low current after addition; When adding boric acid, put the added boric acid into a clean anode bag and hang it in the nickel cylinder. It cannot be directly added into the tank;

⑥ Nakon niklovanja, preporučuje se dodavanje vode za oporabu i otvaranje cilindra čistom vodom, koja se može upotrijebiti za nadopunjavanje razine tekućine isparene zagrijavanjem u niklovskoj boci. Nakon ispiranja oporabljenom vodom, spojeno je sa sekundarnim protustrujnim ispiranjem;

Formula Formula za izračunavanje dodatka lijeka:

Nikal sulfat (kg) = (280-x) × Volumen spremnika (L) / 1000

Nikl klorid (kg) = (45-x) × Volumen spremnika (L) / 1000

Borna kiselina (kg) = (45-x) × Volumen spremnika (L) / 1000

（10） Galvaniziranje zlata: dijeli se na postupke galvanizacije tvrdog zlata (legure zlata) i vodenog zlata (čisto zlato). Sastav oplate od tvrdog zlata u osnovi je isti kao i kupke od mekog zlata, ali u kupelji od tvrdog zlata ima nekih metala u tragovima kao što su nikal, kobalt ili željezo;

① Purpose and function: as a precious metal, gold has good weldability, oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, low contact resistance and wear resistance