O a le plating gaioiga mo PCB?

O a le plating gaioiga mo PCB?

The electroplating process of laupapa femalagaaʻi mafai faʻatulagaina faʻavasegaina i acid pupula pupula electroplating, electroplated limasene / auro ma electroplated apa.

Laina Plating

1、 Classification of electroplating process:

Asu susulu apamemea electroplating apamemea / auro electroplating apa

2, Faagasologa tafe:

Pikoina → uʻamea ‘apamemea i luga o le laupapa atoa → faʻataʻitaʻiga suiga → acid degreasing → tulaga lua countercurrent fufuluina → micro etching → lua → pickling → apa plating → lua countercurrent rinsing

Fufuluina faʻafetaui → fufuiina o le suavai → faʻamamaina o apamemea → fufuluina lona lua → fufuluina o le limasene → fufulu vai lona lua → fufuiina o le acid citric

3、 Process Description:

（1） Pikoina

① Role and purpose:

Aveese le oxide i luga o le ipu ma faʻagaoioia luga o le ipu. O le mea masani, o le faʻasologa e 5%, ma o nisi e faʻatautaia e tusa ma le 10%, e tele ina ia puipuia le vai mai le aumaia ma mafua ai le le mautu sulfuric acid mea i totonu o le tane vai;

② O le acid leaching taimi e le tatau ona umi tele e puipuia ai le faʻamamaina o le ipu luga; Ina ua maeʻa faʻaaoga mo se vaitaimi, afai o le vailaʻau fofo e vevesi pe o le ‘apamemea mataupu maualuga tele, e tatau ona suia i le taimi e puipuia ai le faʻaleagaina o le plated apamemea ogāumu ma ipu luga;

③ CP vasega sulfuric acid o le a faʻaaogaina iinei;

（2） Full plate copper plating: also known as primary copper, plate electricity, panel plating ① function and purpose:

Protect the thin chemical copper just deposited, prevent the chemical copper from being etched by acid after oxidation, and add it to a certain extent by electroplating

‘Faʻagasologa o faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻatatau i le faʻapipiʻiina o le apa i luga o le ipu atoa: o le tapu vai e tele lava ina faia i le kopa sulfate ma le sulfuric acid. O le metotia o maualuga acid ma maualalo apamemea ua taliaina e mautinoa ai le laugatasia o ipu mafiafia tufatufaina ma loloto mafai plating mo loloto pu i le taimi o electroplating; O le sulfuric acid mea masani e tele 180 g / L, ma o le tele o latou oʻo atu i le 240 g / L; O le anotusi o le kopa sulfate e masani lava e tusa ma le 75 g / l. O le faʻaopopo aofaʻi poʻo ogāumu amata aofaʻiga o apamemea faaiila e masani lava 3-5ml / L. o le faʻaopopoina o le ‘apamemea faʻapolopolo e masani lava faʻaopoopoina e tusa ma le metotia o kiloampere itula pe tusa ai ma le moni gaosiga aʻafiaga; O le taimi nei o le atoa ipu electroplating e masani fuafuaina i le faʻateleina 2 A / sikuea decimeter e le electroplating eria luga o le ipu. Mo le ipu atoa, o le ipu umi DM × ipu lautele DM × lua × 2A / DM2 ； O le vevela o le ogāumu ‘apamemea o loʻo taofia i le vevela o le potu, e masani lava e le sili atu i le 32 tikeri, o le tele e puleaina i le 22 tikeri. O le mea lea, ona o le vevela maualuga i le taumafanafana, ua fautuaina e faʻapipiʻi se faʻamaluina o le faʻatonutonuina o le faʻatonutonuina o le vevela mo le pusa apamemea;

‘Faagasologa tausiga:

Faʻafouina polesi apamemea i le taimi e tusa ai ma kiloampere itula i aso uma, ma faʻaopopo e tusa ma le 100-150ml / Kah; Siaki pe aoga le pamu faʻamama ma pe i ai ni faʻasologa i le ea; Faʻamamā le toʻotoʻo uʻamea i se ie mama i 2-3 itula; O mea o loʻo i totonu o le kopa sulfate (tasi i le vaiaso), sulfuric acid (tasi i le vaiaso) ma le chloride ion (faʻalua i le vaiaso) i totonu o le apamemea ogo e tatau ona auʻiliʻiliina i vaiaso uma, o mea o loʻo faʻamalamalamaina e tatau ona fetuʻunaʻi e ala ile suʻega o sela. e tatau ona faʻaopopo mea talafeagai e talafeagai i le taimi saʻo; Faʻamama le uʻamea conductive uʻamea ma le eletise fesoʻotaʻiga i itu uma o le tane vai i vaiaso uma, toe faʻatumu le pusa apamemea anode i le titanium ato i taimi, ma electrolyze ma maualalo taimi nei 0.2-0.5 ASD mo 6-8 itula; Siaki pe o le ato ato titanium o le anode e leaga i masina uma, ma suia i le taimi; Siaki pe faʻaputuputu le palapala i lalo o le ato aneto titanium, ma faʻamama i le taimi pe a iai; Sa faʻaaogaina le autu o le karaponi mo le filtration faifai pea mo le 6-8 itula, ma mea le mama na aveʻesea e le maualalo o le taimi nei i le taimi e tasi; Uma afa tausaga pe a foi, fuafua pe tele-fua togafitiga (faʻagaoioia carbon efuefu) e manaʻomia e tusa ai ma le tane suavai leaga; Sui le faamama elemeni o le faamama pamu taʻilua vaiaso;

④ Sili togafitiga auala: A. ave i fafo le anode, sasaa le anode, fufulu le ata tifaga luga o le anode luga, ona tuu lea i totonu o le paelo afifi le apamemea anode. Faʻamama le apamemea tulimanu luga i le toniga piniki ma micro etchant. A uma ona fufulu ma faʻamago, tuʻu i totonu o le ato titanium ma tuʻu i totonu o le tane vai tane mo le mea e teʻi ai. B. faʻapipiʻi le anode titanium ato ma ato ato i le 10% alkaline solution mo le 6-8 itula, fufulu ma faʻamamago i le vai, ona faʻasusu lea ile 5% dilute sulfuric acid, Fufulu ma faʻamago ile vai mo standby; C. Faʻaliliu le tane vai i le tane faʻamoe, faʻaopopo le 1-3ml / L 30% hydrogen peroxide, amata faʻavevela, faʻaola le ea faʻagaeʻetia pe a o le vevela e tusa ma le 65 ℃, ma faʻamalosi ma le ea faʻaesea mo 2-4 itula; D. Tape le ea faʻagaeʻetia, lemu faʻateʻa le faʻagaoioia o le kaponi pauta i totonu o le tane vai fofo i le fua faatatau o 3-5g / L, ki luga o le ea faʻagaeʻeʻa pe a maeʻa le faʻateʻaina, ma faʻamafanafanaina mo le 2-4 itula; E. Tape le faʻagaeʻetia o le ea, vevela ma faʻauʻu lemu le paʻu o le karaponi i lalo o le tane i lalo lemu; F. Pe a paʻu le vevela i le tusa ma le 40 ℃, faʻaaoga le 10um PP faamama elemeni ma le fesoasoani fesoasoani paʻu e faʻamama le tane vai i totonu o le tane faigaluega mama, faʻafelauʻi le ea faʻaoso, tuʻu le faʻamau, faʻamau i totonu o le ipu electrolytic, ma electrolyze i maualalo le taimi nei tusa ai ma le 0.2-0.5asd density nei mo 6-8 itula. G. fetuʻunaʻi mea o loʻo i ai le sulfuric acid, apamemea sulfate ma le chloride i totonu o le tane i le faʻagaioiga masani pe a maeʻa suʻesuʻega a le fale suesue; Faʻapipiʻi le malamalama e tusa ma le faʻaiuga o suʻega a le Hall; H. A maeʻa ona lanu le ipu mafolafola, e mafai ona taofi le electrolysis, ona togafitia ai lea o le ata eletise mo le 1-2 itula e tusa ai ma le taimi nei o le 1-1.5asd. O le vaega o le uliuli phosphorus ata tifaga ma le toniga pipiʻi pipiʻi ua fausia i luga o le anode; 1. Lelei suʻega plating;

⑤ The anode copper ball contains 0.3-0.6% phosphorus. The main purpose is to reduce the anode dissolution efficiency and reduce the production of copper powder;

⑥ Pe a toe faʻatumuina fualaʻau, pe a fai e tele le aofaʻi, e pei o le copper sulfate ma le sulfuric acid; Maualalo taimi nei electrolysis o le a faʻatautaia pe a maeʻa le faʻaopopoina; Faʻalogo totoʻa pe a faʻaopopo le sulfuric acid. A tele le aofaʻi o le sulfuric acid e tele (sili atu ma le 10 lita), faʻaopopo lemu i le tele o taimi; A le o lea, o le vevela o le vai taele o le a maualuga tele, o le photocatalyst decomposition o le a faʻatelevaveina, ma o le vai taele o le a faʻaleagaina;

⑦ Faʻapitoa mafaufau o le a totogiina i le faʻaopoopoga o le chloride ion, aua o le chloride ion mea aofia ai e sili ona maualalo (30-90ppm), e tatau ona fuaina faʻatatau ma se fua ogāumu poʻo fua fua ao leʻi faʻaopopoina; 1ml hydrochloric acid o loʻo iai ma le 385ppm chloride ion,

⑧ Fualaʻau faʻaopoopo fualaʻau faʻatulagaina:

Copper sulfate (kg) = (75-x) × Tank volume (L) / 1000

Sulfuric acid (in liters) = (10% – x) g / L × Tank volume (L)

Or (in liters) = (180-x) g / L × Tank volume (L) / 1840

Hydrochloric acid (ML) = (60-x) ppm × Tank volume (L) / 385

（3） Faʻapalepeina o le acid

‘Faamoemoega ma gaioiga: aveʻese le oxide i luga o le apamemea luga o le laina, toega ata o vaitusi ma residue kelu, ma faʻamautinoa le pipiʻi i le va o apamemea muamua ma mamanu electroplating’ apamemea po o limasene

② Remember to use acid degreaser here. Why not use alkaline degreaser, and the degreasing effect of alkaline degreaser is better than that of acid degreaser? Mainly because the graphic ink is not alkali resistant and will damage the graphic circuit, only acidic degreaser can be used before graphic electroplating.

③ I le taimi o le gaosiga, e naʻo le manaʻomia e faʻatonutonu ai le faʻasologa ma le taimi o le faʻaititia. O le faʻatapulaʻaina o degreaser e tusa ma le 10% ma le taimi ua mautinoa e 6 minute. O sina taimi umi atu o le a le afaina ai; O le faʻaogaina ma le suia o tane vai e faʻavae foi i luga o le 15 m2 / L galue vai, ma o le faʻaopoopoga faʻaopopoga e faʻavae i luga o le 100 m2 0. 5—0。 8L ；

（4） Micro etching:

Eatching Line

① Purpose and function: clean and roughen the copper surface of the circuit to ensure the bonding force between pattern electroplating copper and primary copper

② Sodium persulfate e tele lava ina faʻaaogaina o le micro etchant, ma le mautu ma le toniga faʻamalulu fua faatatau ma le lelei vai fufuluina. Ole faʻasologa ole sodium persulfate e masani ona faʻatonutonu ile tusa ma le 60 g / L ma ole taimi e faʻatonutonu ile 20 sekone. O le faʻaopopoina o vailaʻau o 3-4 kg i le 100 sikuea mita; O mea faʻaaoga apamemea e tatau ona faʻatonutonuina i lalo o le 20 g / L; O isi tausiga ma suia ogāumu e tutusa ma apamemea faʻapipiʻi micro corrosion.

（5） Pikoina

① Role and purpose:

③ CP vasega sulfuric acid o le a faʻaaogaina iinei;

（6） Graphic copper plating: also known as secondary copper, circuit copper plating

‘Faamoemoega ma gaioiga: ina ia mafai ona ausia le togiina nei avega o laina taʻitasi, laina taʻitasi ma pu apamemea manaʻomia e oʻo atu i se mautinoa mafiafia. Mo le mafuaʻaga o laina laina apamemea, o le pu apamemea ma laina laina apamemea o le a mafiafia i se isi mafiafia i le taimi;

② Isi aitema e tutusa ma le atoa ipu electroplating

（7） Electroplated tin ① purpose and function: the purpose of graphic electroplated pure tin mainly uses pure tin as a metal resist layer to protect circuit etching;

② O le vai taele e masani lava ona aofia ai stannous sulfate, sulfuric acid ma mea faʻaopopo; O loʻo taofiofia le anotusi sulfate ile 35 g / L ma ole sulfuric acid e faʻatonutonu ile 10%; O le faʻaopopoina o apa plating faʻaopopo e masani lava faʻaopoopo e tusa ma le metotia o kiloampere itula pe tusa ai ma le moni gaosiga aʻafiaga; O le taimi nei o electroplated apa e masani fuafuaina o le 1. 5 A / sikuea decimeter faʻateleina e le electroplating eria luga o le ipu; O le vevela o le apa silinder o loʻo taofia ile vevela o le potu. E masani lava, o le vevela e le sili atu i le 30 tikeri ma e tele lava ona puleaina i le 22 tikeri. O le mea lea, ona o le vevela maualuga i le taumafanafana, ua fautuaina e faʻapipiʻi se faʻamaluluina ma le faʻatonutonuina o le faʻatonutonuina o le vevela mo le apa silinder;

‘Faagasologa tausiga:

Faʻalelei taimi faʻaopoopoina apa plating apa e tusa ma kiloampere itula i aso uma; Siaki pe aoga le pamu faʻamama ma pe i ai ni faʻasologa i le ea; Faʻamamā le toʻotoʻo uʻamea i le 2-3 i itula uma; Faʻataʻitaʻi le sulfate stannous sulfate (taʻitasi i le vaiaso) ma le sulfuric acid (taʻitasi i le vaiaso) ile silinder apa i vaiaso uma, fetuʻunaʻi mea o loʻo faʻaopoopo i totonu ole apa ile Hall cell test, ma faʻaopopo mea talafeagai ile taimi; Faʻamama le uʻamea conductive uʻamea ma le eletise fesoʻotaʻiga i itu uma o le tane i vaiaso uma; Electrolysis ma maualalo le taimi nei 0.2-0.5 ASD mo 6-8 itula i vaiaso uma; E tatau ona siaki le ato ‘ato i masina taʻitasi mo mea ua faʻaleagaina, ma le mea ua faʻamamaina e tatau ona suia ile taimi saʻo; Siaki pe i ai se palapala anode faaputuputu i le pito i lalo o le anode ato, ma fufulu i le taimi pe a fai o iai; Faʻaauau le faʻamamaina ma le autu o le kaponi mo le 6-8 itula i masina uma, ma aveʻese le faʻaletonu e ala i le maualalo o le eletise i le taimi nei; Uma afa tausaga pe a foi, fuafua pe tele-fua togafitiga (faʻagaoioia carbon efuefu) e manaʻomia e tusa ai ma le tane suavai leaga; Sui le faamama elemeni o le faamama pamu taʻilua vaiaso;

⑨ Sili togafitiga auala: A. aveese le anode, aveese le anode ato, fufulu le anode luga ma le apamemea pulumu, fufulu ma faʻamamago i le vai, tuu i totonu o le anode ato ma tuʻu i totonu o le acid tane mo tatali. B. faʻasusu le ato i le 10% alkaline solution mo le 6-8 itula, fufulu ma faʻamago i le vai, faʻasusu i le 5% dilute sulfuric acid, ma fufulu ma faʻamago i le vai mo standby; C. Faʻaliliu le sela fofo i le sela tuʻu ma faʻamalolo lemu le faʻagaoioia o le kaponi pauta i totonu o le sela fofo i le fua faatatau o le 3-5g / L. ina ua maeʻa maeʻa atoa le tali, faʻasalalau ia mo 4-6 itula, faʻamama le sela fofo ma le 10um PP faamama elemeni ma faamama fesoasoani fesoasoani paʻu i le faamamaina sela galue, tuʻu i totonu o le anode, tautau i le electrolytic ipu, ma electrolyze i maualalo taimi nei o 0.2-0.5asd taimi nei density mo 6-8 itula. D. fetuʻunaʻi le sulfuric acid i totonu o le sela pe a maeʻa suʻesuʻega o vailaʻau, Stannous sulfate mea i totonu o tulaga masani o faʻagaioiga; Faʻaopopo mea faʻaopopo plating apa e tusa ma le faʻaiuga o suʻega a le Hall; E. Taofi le electrolysis pe a maeʻa le lanu o le pito i luga o le ipu eletise e laugatasia; F. Lelei suʻega plating;

④ Pe a toe faʻatumuina fualaʻau, pe a fai o le aofaʻi faʻaopoopo e tele, pei o le stannous sulfate ma le sulfuric acid; Maualalo taimi nei electrolysis o le a faʻatautaia pe a maeʻa le faʻaopopoina; Faʻalogo totoʻa pe a faʻaopopo le sulfuric acid. A tele le aofaʻi o le sulfuric acid e tele (sili atu ma le 10 lita), faʻaopopo lemu i le tele o taimi; A leai, o le vevela vevela o le a maualuga tele, o le apa oxide o le a faʻamaʻaina, ma o le matua o le suavai o le a faʻateleina.

⑤ Fualaʻau faʻaopoopo fualaʻau faʻatulagaina:

Sulf sulfate (iunite: kg) = (40-x) × Tulaga o le tane (L) / 1000

Sulfuric acid (in liters) = (10% – x) g / L × Tank volume (L)

Or (in liters) = (180-x) g / L × Tank volume (L) / 1840

（9） Nickel plating

‘Faamoemoega ma gaioiga: nickel plating layer e masani ona faʻaaogaina o le pa pupuni i le va o le apa memea ma le vaega auro e puipuia ai le tuʻufaʻatasia o le auro ma le kopa ma afaina ai le mafai gafatia ma le ola tautua o le laupapa; I le taimi lava e tasi, o le lagolagoina o le nickel layer faʻateleina foi faʻateleina le masini malosi o auro vaega;

② Faʻasologa tapulaʻa fesoʻotaʻi ma apamemea plating luga o le ipu atoa: o le faʻaopopoina o nickel plating faʻaopopo e masani lava faʻaopoopo e tusa ma le metotia o kiloampere itula, poʻo le faʻaopoopo aofaiga e tusa 200ml / Kah e tusa ai ma le moni gaosiga aʻafiaga o le ipu; O le taimi nei o mamanu electroless palasitika limasene plating e masani fuafuaina i le faʻateleina 2 A / sikuea decimeter e le electroplating eria luga o le ipu; O le vevela o le nickel ogāumu e tausia i le 40-55 tikeri, ma o le lautele o le vevela e tusa ma le 50 tikeri. O le mea lea, o le limasene nickel e tatau ona faʻaauupegaina i le faʻavevela ma le faʻatonutonuina o le vevela;

‘Faagasologa tausiga:

Faʻafetaui taimi palu nikelisi mea faʻaopopo e tusa ma kiloampere itula i aso uma; Siaki pe aoga le pamu faʻamama ma pe i ai ni faʻasologa i le ea; Faʻamamā le toʻotoʻo uʻamea i le 2-3 i itula uma; Suʻesuʻe mea o iai ile nickel sulfate (nickel sulfamate) (tasi ile vaiaso), nickel chloride (tasi ile vaiaso) ma boric acid (tasi ile vaiaso) ile silinder apamemea masani ile vaiaso uma, fetuʻunaʻi mea o loʻo faʻaopopo i lalo ole nickel plating e ala ile Hall cell test. , ma faʻaopopo mea talafeagai i taimi talafeagai; Faʻamama le uʻamea conductive uʻamea ma le eletise fesoʻotaʻiga i itu uma o le tanevai i vaiaso uma, faʻaopopo le anode nickel anggulo i le titanium ato i taimi, ma electrolyze ma maualalo taimi nei 0.2-0.5 ASD mo 6-8 itula; Siaki pe o le ato ato titanium o le anode e leaga i masina uma, ma suia i le taimi; Siaki pe faʻaputuputu le palapala i lalo o le ato aneto titanium, ma faʻamama i le taimi pe a iai; Sa faʻaaogaina le autu o le karaponi mo le filtration faifai pea mo le 6-8 itula, ma mea le mama na aveʻesea e le maualalo o le taimi nei i le taimi e tasi; Uma afa tausaga pe a foi, fuafua pe tele-fua togafitiga (faʻagaoioia carbon efuefu) e manaʻomia e tusa ai ma le tane suavai leaga; Sui le faamama elemeni o le faamama pamu taʻilua vaiaso;

④ Sili togafitiga taualumaga: A. ave i fafo le anode, sasaa le anode, faamama le anode, ma tuu i totonu o le paelo teu i le nickel tulimanu, roughen luga o le nickel tulimanu ma micro etchant i toniga piniki. A uma ona fufulu ma faʻamago, tuʻu i totonu o le ato titanium ma tuʻu i totonu o le tane vai tane mo le mea e teʻi ai. B. faʻapipiʻi le anode titanium ato ma ato ato i le 10% alkaline solution mo le 6-8 itula, fufulu ma faʻamamago i le vai, ona faʻasusu lea ile 5% dilute sulfuric acid, Fufulu ma faʻamago ile vai mo standby; C. Faʻaliliu le tane vai i le tane faʻamoe, faʻaopopo le 1-3ml / L 30% hydrogen peroxide, amata faʻavevela, faʻaola le ea faʻagaeʻetia pe a o le vevela e tusa ma le 65 ℃, ma faʻamalosi ma le ea faʻaesea mo 2-4 itula; D. Tape le ea faʻagaeʻetia, lemu faʻateʻa le faʻagaoioia o le kaponi pauta i totonu o le tane vai fofo i le fua faatatau o 3-5g / L, ki luga o le ea faʻagaeʻeʻa pe a maeʻa le faʻateʻaina, ma faʻamafanafanaina mo le 2-4 itula; E. Tape le faʻagaeʻetia o le ea, vevela ma faʻauʻu lemu le paʻu o le karaponi i lalo o le tane i lalo lemu; F. Pe a paʻu le vevela i le tusa ma le 40 ℃, faʻaaoga le 10um PP faamama elemeni ma le faamama fesoasoani paʻu e faʻamama le tane vai i totonu o le tane faigaluega mama, faʻamama le ea, faʻaalu i totonu o le faʻamau, faʻamau i totonu o le ipu eletise, ma fetaomi 0. 2-0。 5asd taimi nei maualalo maualalo taimi nei electrolysis mo 6-8 itula, G. ina ua maeʻa vailaʻau suʻesuʻega, fetuʻunaʻi mea o le nickel sulfate poʻo le nickel sulfamate, nickel chloride ma boric acid i totonu o le tane i le faʻagaioiga masani; Faʻaopopo mea faʻaopopo nikeleti faʻatumuina e tusa ma le faʻaiuga o suʻega a le Hall; H. Ina ua maeʻa le lanu o le pito i luga o le ipu eletise o loʻo laugatasia, taofi le electrolysis, ona faʻataʻitaʻiina lea o togafitiga eletise e tusa ai ma le taimi nei o le 1-1.5 ASD mo le 10-20 minute e faʻagaoioia ai le faʻatonuga; 1. Lelei suʻega plating;

⑤ Pe a faʻaopopo fualaʻau, pe a fai o le faʻaopopo aofaʻi e tele, e pei o le nickel sulfate poʻo le nickel sulfamate ma le nickel chloride, e tatau ona faʻamamaina i le maualalo o le taimi nei pe a uma le faʻaopopoina; A faʻapipiʻi le boric acid, tuʻu le boric acid faʻaopopo i totonu o le taga anode mama ma tautau i le limasene nickel. E le mafai ona tuʻu saʻo i totonu o le tane;

⑥ A maeʻa ona faʻapipiina le limasene, e fautuaina le faʻaopopo o se vai e faʻamama ai le vai ma tatala le pusa i le vai mama, e mafai ona faʻaaoga e faʻatele ai le suavai i le faʻamafanafanaina i totonu o le kesi nickel. Ina ua maeʻa le toe faʻaleleia o le suavai, e fesoʻotaʻi ma le lona lua faʻasologa faʻamama;

⑦ Fualaʻau faʻaopoopo fualaʻau faʻatulagaina:

Nikelisate sulfate (kg) = (280-x) × Tulaga o le tane (L) / 1000

Nickel chloride (kg) = (45-x) × Tupe o le tane (L) / 1000

Boric acid (kg) = (45-x) × Fagu tele (L) / 1000

（10） Eletise eletise: e vaevaeina i le faʻaaogaina o le auro faigata (auro uʻamea filogia) ma le vai auro (mama auro) gaioiga. O le tuʻufaʻatasiga o le ufiufi auro faigata e masani lava ona tutusa ma le auro faʻamalulu auro, ae o loʻo i ai ni faʻasologa metala e pei o le limasene, kobalt poʻo le uʻamea i le maa auro faʻamaʻele;

‘Faamoemoega ma gaioiga: o se taua uʻamea, auro e lelei weldability, oxidation tetee, corrosion tetee, maualalo fesoʻotaʻiga teteʻe ma ofuina tetee