Yiziphi izinqubo zokugcwala kwe-PCB?

Yiziphi izinqubo zokugcwala kwe-PCB?

The electroplating process of ibhodi yesifunda ingahlukaniswa cishe ibe yi-asidi ekhanyayo ye-electroplating yethusi, i-nickel / igolide e-electroplated nethini eli-electroplated.

Plating Umugqa

1, Ukuhlukaniswa inqubo electroplating:

I-acid ekhanyayo ye-electroplating nickel / i-tin ye-electroplating yegolide

2, Inqubo ukugeleza:

Ukukhahlela → ukugcwala ithusi ebhodini lonke → ukudluliswa kwephethini → i-acid degreasing → ukuhlanza okuphikisayo kwe-countercurrent → i-micro etching → yesibili → ukukha i-→ i-tin

Ukuhlanza okuphambene nalokho → ukucwilisa i-acid

3、 Process Description:

（1） Ukukhetha

Indima nenhloso:

Susa i-oxide ebusweni bepuleti bese wenza kusebenze indawo yepuleti. Ngokuvamile, ukuminyana kungu-5%, kanti okunye kugcinwa cishe ku-10%, ikakhulukazi ukuvimbela amanzi ukuthi angenise futhi adale okuqukethwe okungazinzile kwe-sulfuric acid kuketshezi lwethangi;

Isikhathi se-acid leaching akufanele sibe side kakhulu ukuvimbela uketshezi kobuso bepuleti; Ngemuva kokusetshenziswa isikhathi esithile, uma isisombululo se-asidi sinomswakama noma okuqukethwe ithusi kuphakeme kakhulu, kuzofakwa esikhundleni saso ngesikhathi sokuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwesilinda sethusi esigaxekile nobuso bepuleti;

Kuzosetshenziswa i-CP grade sulfuric acid lapha;

（2, ipuleti eligcwele lepuleti lethusi: elaziwa nangokuthi ithusi eliyinhloko, ipuleti ugesi, iphaneli yokufaka, umsebenzi nenhloso:

Protect the thin chemical copper just deposited, prevent the chemical copper from being etched by acid after oxidation, and add it to a certain extent by electroplating

Parameters Inqubo yamapharamitha ahlobene nokufakwa kwethusi kuyo yonke ipuleti: isixazululo sokugeza sakhiwe kakhulu nge-sulfate yethusi ne-sulfuric acid. Ifomula le-asidi ephezulu nethusi eliphansi lamukelwa ukuqinisekisa ukufana kokusatshalaliswa kobukhulu bepuleti namandla okufaka okujulile emigodini ejulile ngesikhathi se-electroplating; Okuqukethwe kwe-sulfuric acid ikakhulu kungu-180 g / L, futhi iningi lazo lifinyelela ku-240 g / L; Okuqukethwe nge-copper sulphate ngokuvamile cishe kungama-75 g / L. ngokungeziwe, inani elincane le-chloride ion lengezwa kuketshezi lwethangi njenge-agent esizayo ye-gloss kanye ne-agent ye-gloss gloss ukuze idlale umphumela we-gloss ndawonye; Inani lokungezwa noma inani lokuvula isilinda le-polish yethusi ngokujwayelekile liyi-3-5ml / L. ukufakwa kwepolishi yethusi kuvame ukwengezwa ngokwendlela yehora le-kiloampere noma ngokusho komphumela wangempela wokukhiqiza; Isikhathi samanje salo lonke ipuleti electroplating ngokuvamile sibalwa ngokuphindaphinda ama-decimeter ayi-2 A / square ngendawo ye-electroplating epuletini. Kuwo wonke amapuleti, kungubude bepuleti i-DM × Plate ububanzi DM × amabili × 2A / DM2, Ukushisa kwesilinda sethusi kugcinwa ekamelweni lokushisa, ngokuvamile akukho ngaphezu kwama-32 degrees, ikakhulukazi alawulwa ngama-22 degrees. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yezinga lokushisa eliphakeme ehlobo, kunconywa ukufaka uhlelo lokulawula ukushisa okupholile lwesilinda sethusi;

Inqubo yokugcinwa:

Gcwalisa i-polish yethusi ngesikhathi ngokuya ngamahora we-kiloampere nsuku zonke, bese uyifaka ngokuya nge-100-150ml / Kah; Bheka ukuthi iphampu yokuhlunga isebenza ngokujwayelekile nokuthi kukhona yini ukuvuza komoya; Hlanza induku ye-cathode conductive ngendwangu emanzi ehlanzekile njalo emahoreni ama-2-3; Okuqukethwe nge-sulfate yethusi (kanye ngeviki), i-sulfuric acid (kanye ngesonto) ne-chloride ion (kabili ngeviki) ku-cylinder yethusi kuzohlaziywa njalo ngesonto, okuqukethwe yi-brightener kuzolungiswa ngokuhlolwa kwe-Hall cell, futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa ezifanele zizokwengezwa ngesikhathi; Hlanza i-anode conductive rod nezixhumi zikagesi kuzo zombili iziphetho zethangi masonto onke, gcwalisa ibhola le-anode yethusi kubhasikidi we-titanium ngesikhathi, ne-electrolyze nge-low yamanje engu-0.2-0.5 ASD amahora angama-6-8; Bheka ukuthi ngabe isikhwama sebhasikidi se-titanium se-anode sonakele njalo ngenyanga, bese usifaka esikhundleni saso ngesikhathi; Bheka ukuthi udaka lwe-anode lunganqwabeleki phansi kwebhasikidi le-anode titanium, bese ulihlanze ngesikhathi uma lukhona; Umgogodla wekhabhoni wasetshenziselwa ukuhlunga okuqhubekayo amahora angama-6-8, futhi ukungcola kwasuswa yi-electrolysis yamanje ephansi ngasikhathi sinye; Njalo uhhafu wonyaka noma ngaphezulu, thola ukuthi ngabe ukwelashwa okukhulu (i-activated carbon powder) kuyadingeka yini ngokuya ngokungcoliswa ketshezi kwethangi; Faka okunye esikhundleni sesihlungi sephampu yokuhlunga njalo emavikini amabili;

Procedure Inqubo yokwelashwa enkulu: A. khipha i-anode, uthele i-anode, uhlanze ifilimu ye-anode ebusweni be-anode, bese uyifaka emgqonyeni opakisha i-anode yethusi. Roughen indawo yekhonsi yethusi ukuze ibe pinki efanayo nge-micro etchant. Ngemuva kokuwasha nokomisa, kufake kubhasikidi we-titanium bese ukufaka ethangini le-asidi ukulinda. B. cwilisa ubhasikidi we-anode titanium nesikhwama se-anode kusisombululo se-10% se-alkaline samahora ayi-6-8, ugeze futhi womile ngamanzi, bese ufaka ku-5% hlaziya i-sulfuric acid, Geza bese womile ngamanzi kokuma; C D. Vala umoya ovusa amadlingozi, uncibilikise kancane i-activated carbon powder kusixazululo sethangi ngesilinganiso esingu-1-3g / L, uvule umoya ovuthayo ngemuva kokuphela kokuphela, bese uwugcina ufudumele amahora angu-30-65; E. Cisha umoya ovuzayo, ushise bese uvumela i-activated carbon powder ukuthi ihlale phansi ethangini kancane; F. Lapho izinga lokushisa lehlela cishe ku-2 ℃, sebenzisa i-4um PP element element kanye ne-filter aid powder ukuhlunga uketshezi lwethangi ethangini elihlanziwe lokusebenza, vula umoya ovuselelayo, faka i-anode, uyilengise kupuleti le-electrolytic, bese u-electrolyze okuphansi njengamanje ngokusho kuka-3-5asd ukuminyana kwamanje kwamahora we-2-4. G. lungisa okuqukethwe kwe-sulfuric acid, ithusi le-sulfate ne-chloride ion ethangini kububanzi bokusebenza obujwayelekile ngemuva kokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri; Gcwalisa okukhanyayo ngokuya ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwamaseli eHholo; H. Ngemuva kokuthi umbala wepuleti usunifomu, i-electrolysis ingamiswa, bese ifilimu ye-electrolytic iphathwa amahora angu-40-10 ngokuya ngamandla wamanje ka-0.2-0.5asd. I-anode yakhiwa ungqimba lwefilimu emnyama ye-phosphorus enokunamathela okufanayo. 6. Ukufakwa kwesivivinyo Kulungile;

⑤ The anode copper ball contains 0.3-0.6% phosphorus. The main purpose is to reduce the anode dissolution efficiency and reduce the production of copper powder;

⑥ Lapho ugcwalisa izidakamizwa, uma inani likhulu, njenge-sulfate yethusi ne-sulfuric acid; I-electrolysis yamanje ephansi izokwenziwa ngemuva kokungezwa; Naka ukuphepha lapho ungeza i-sulfuric acid. Lapho inani le-sulfuric acid likhulu (ngaphezu kwamalitha ayi-10), lifake kancane kaningana; Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinga lokushisa kuketshezi lokugeza luzoba phezulu kakhulu, ukubola kwe-photocatalyst kuzosheshiswa, futhi uketshezi lokugeza luzongcoliswa;

Kuzonakwa ngokukhethekile isengezo se-chloride ion, ngoba okuqukethwe yi-chloride ion kuphansi kakhulu (30-90ppm), kufanele kukalwe kahle ngesilinda sokulinganisa noma inkomishi yokulinganisa ngaphambi kokungeza; 1ml i-hydrochloric acid iqukethe cishe i-385ppm chloride ion,

Ifomula yokubalwa kokufakwa kwezidakamizwa:

Copper sulfate (kg) = (75-x) × Tank volume (L) / 1000

Sulfuric acid (in liters) = (10% – x) g / L × Tank volume (L)

Or (in liters) = (180-x) g / L × Tank volume (L) / 1840

Hydrochloric acid (ML) = (60-x) ppm × Tank volume (L) / 385

（3） Ukunciphisa i-asidi

And Inhloso nomsebenzi: susa i-oxide ebusweni bethusi bomugqa, ifilimu eyinsalela ka-inki kanye ne-glue eyinsalela, futhi uqinisekise ukunamathela phakathi kwethusi eliyinhloko nephethini yokuphotha ithusi noma i-nickel

② Remember to use acid degreaser here. Why not use alkaline degreaser, and the degreasing effect of alkaline degreaser is better than that of acid degreaser? Mainly because the graphic ink is not alkali resistant and will damage the graphic circuit, only acidic degreaser can be used before graphic electroplating.

③ Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, kuyadingeka kuphela ukulawula ukuhlushwa nesikhathi se-degreaser. Ukuhlungwa kwe-degreaser cishe kungu-10% kanti isikhathi siqinisekisiwe ukuthi siyimizuzu engu-6. Isikhathi esithe xaxa ngeke sibe nemiphumela emibi; Ukusetshenziswa nokushintshwa kuketshezi lwethangi nakho kususelwa kuketshezi olusebenzayo oluyi-15 m2 / L, futhi ukwengeza okungeziwe kusekelwe ku-100 m2 0. 5-0 8L ；

（4） Micro etching:

Umugqa Wokudonsa

And Injongo nomsebenzi: hlanza futhi uhlanganise ubuso bethusi besifunda ukuqinisekisa amandla okuhlanganisa phakathi kwephethini ye-electroplating yethusi nethusi eliyinhloko

Pers I-sodium sulphate isetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-micro etchant, enezinga elizinzile nelilinganayo lokuqina kanye nokuhlanzwa kwamanzi okuhle. Ukuhlungwa kwe-sodium persulfate kuvame ukulawulwa cishe kuma-60 g / L kanti isikhathi silawulwa cishe kumasekhondi angama-20. Ukwengezwa kwezidakamizwa kungu-3-4 kg ngamamitha-skwele ayi-100; Okuqukethwe kwethusi kuzophathwa ngaphansi kwama-20 g / L; Okunye ukunakekelwa nokushintshwa kwesilinda kuyefana nokuncipha kwemvula yethusi.

（5） Ukukhetha

Indima nenhloso:

Kuzosetshenziswa i-CP grade sulfuric acid lapha;

） 6） Ingcwecwe yethusi ebunjiweyo: eyaziwa nangokuthi ithusi lesibili, isigaxa sethusi sesifunda

And Injongo nomsebenzi: ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nomthwalo wamanje olinganisiwe walayini ngamunye, umugqa ngamunye nembobo yethusi kudinga ukufinyelela ukushuba okuthile. Ngenhloso yokufakwa kophahla womugqa wethusi, umgodi wethusi nethusi lomugqa lizokhuliswa libe ukushuba okuthile ngesikhathi;

② Ezinye izinto ziyefana neplates egcwele electroplating

（7） Electroplated tin ① purpose and function: the purpose of graphic electroplated pure tin mainly uses pure tin as a metal resist layer to protect circuit etching;

② Uketshezi lokugeza luqukethe kakhulu i-stannous sulfate, i-sulfuric acid nezithasiselo; Okuqukethwe kwe-Stannous sulfate kulawulwa cishe ngama-35 g / L kanti i-sulfuric acid ilawulwa cishe nge-10%; Ukwengezwa kwezithasiselo ze-tin plating kuvame ukwengezwa ngokwendlela yehora le-kiloampere noma ngokusho komphumela wangempela wokukhiqiza; Isikhathi samanje sethini eli-electroplated ngokuvamile sibalwa njengo-1. 5 A / square decimeter ephindaphindwe ngendawo yokuqhekeka kwepuleti; Ukushisa kwesilinda se-tin kugcinwa ekamelweni lokushisa. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa alidluli ama-degree angama-30 futhi lilawulwa kakhulu ngama-22 degrees. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yezinga lokushisa eliphakeme ehlobo, kunconywa ukufaka uhlelo lokulawula ukupholisa nokushisa kwesilinda sikathayela;

Inqubo yokugcinwa:

Ukwengeza ngesikhathi esifanele izithasiselo zokufaka amapayipi ngokuya ngamahora we-kiloampere nsuku zonke; Bheka ukuthi iphampu yokuhlunga isebenza ngokujwayelekile nokuthi kukhona yini ukuvuza komoya; Hlanza induku ye-cathode conductive ngendwangu emanzi ehlanzekile njalo emahoreni ama-2-3; Hlaziya i-stannous sulfate (kanye ngesonto) ne-sulfuric acid (kanye ngeviki) ku-tin cylinder njalo ngesonto, lungisa okuqukethwe kwezithasiselo zokufaka uthini ngokuhlolwa kweseli leHolo, bese ufaka izinto zokusetshenziswa ezifanele ngesikhathi; Hlanza i-anode conductive rod nezixhumi zikagesi kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zethangi njalo ngesonto; Electrolysis nge low zamanje 0.2-0.5 ASD amahora 6-8 masonto onke; Isikhwama se-anode sizohlolwa njalo ngenyanga ukuthola umonakalo, bese kuthi esonakele sishintshwe ngesikhathi; Bheka ukuthi alukho yini udaka lwe-anode oluqoqelwe ezansi kwesikhwama se-anode, bese ulihlanze ngesikhathi uma kukhona; Hlunga ngokuqhubekayo ngekhabhoni core amahora angama-6-8 njalo ngenyanga, bese ususa ukungcola nge-electrolysis yamanje; Njalo uhhafu wonyaka noma ngaphezulu, thola ukuthi ngabe ukwelashwa okukhulu (i-activated carbon powder) kuyadingeka yini ngokuya ngokungcoliswa ketshezi kwethangi; Miselela into yokuhlunga yepompo yokuhlunga njalo emavikini amabili;

Procedure Inqubo yokwelashwa enkulu: A. khipha i-anode, khipha isikhwama se-anode, hlanza indawo ye-anode ngebhulashi lethusi, uyigeze bese uyomisa ngamanzi, uyifake esikhwameni se-anode bese uyifaka ethangini le-asidi ukulinda. B. cwilisa isikhwama se-anode kusisombululo se-alkaline esingu-10% amahora angama-6-8, ugeze bese usomisa ngamanzi, usifake ku-5% hlaziya i-sulfuric acid, bese ugeza bese usomisa ngamanzi ukuze ulinde; C. Dlulisa isixazululo seseli esitokisini sokubekwe eceleni bese uncibilikisa kancane impuphu yekhabhoni eyenziwe yasebenza kwisisombululo seseli ngesilinganiso esingu-3-5g / L. ngemuva kokuthi isixazululo sesincibilike ngokuphelele, sikhangise amahora angama-4-6, sihlunge isixazululo seseli ngesici sesihlungi se-10um PP kanye ne-powder aid powder kuseli elisebenzayo elihlanzekile, lifake ku-anode, lilengise kupuleti le-electrolytic, ne-electrolyze okwamanje okuphansi kuka-0.2-0.5asd ukuminyana kwamanje kwamahora ayi-6-8. D. lungisa i-acid ye-sulfuric esitokisini ngemuva kokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali, okuqukethwe yi-Stannous sulfate ngaphakathi kobubanzi obujwayelekile bokusebenza; Faka izithasiselo zeplating ngokuya ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwamaseli eHholo; E. Misa i-electrolysis ngemuva kokuthi umbala wepuleti le-electrolytic surface ungafani; F. Isivivinyo sokuhlola KULUNGILE;

④ Lapho ugcwalisa izidakamizwa, uma inani lokungeza likhulu, njenge-stannous sulfate ne-sulfuric acid; I-electrolysis yamanje ephansi izokwenziwa ngemuva kokungezwa; Naka ukuphepha lapho ungeza i-sulfuric acid. Lapho inani le-sulfuric acid likhulu (ngaphezu kwamalitha ayi-10), lifake kancane kaningana; Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinga lokushisa lokugeza lizobe liphezulu kakhulu, i-tin oxide izokwenziwa i-oxidized, futhi ukuguga kuketshezi kuzosheshiswa.

Ifomula yokubalwa kokufakwa kwezidakamizwa:

I-Stannous sulfate (iyunithi: kg) = (40-x) × Ivolumu yethangi (L) / 1000

Sulfuric acid (in liters) = (10% – x) g / L × Tank volume (L)

Or (in liters) = (180-x) g / L × Tank volume (L) / 1840

） 9） Isingqimba se-Nickel

① Inhloso nomsebenzi: ungqimba lwe-nickel plating lusetshenziswa kakhulu njengongqimba lwesithiyo phakathi kongqimba lwethusi nogqinsi lwegolide ukuvimbela ukusabalala okuhlangene kwegolide nethusi futhi kuthinte ukusebenziseka nokuphila kwenkonzo yebhodi; Ngasikhathi sinye, ukusekelwa kongqimba lwe-nickel nakho kukhulisa kakhulu amandla womshini woqweqwe lwegolide;

② Inqubo yamapharamitha ahlobene nokufakwa kophahla kuyo yonke ipuleti: ukwengezwa kwezithasiselo ze-nickel plating ngokuvamile kuyasekelwa ngokwendlela yehora le-kiloampere, noma inani lokungezelela lingaba ngu-200ml / Kah ngokusho komphumela wangempela wepuleti; Okwamanje iphethini ye-nickel plating plating ngokuvamile ibalwa ngokuphindaphinda ama-2 A / square decimeter ngendawo ye-electroplating epuletini; Ukushisa kwesilinda se-nickel kugcinwa kuma-degree angama-40-55, kanti izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile cishe lingama-50 degrees. Ngakho-ke, isilinda se-nickel kufanele ifakwe uhlelo lokushisa nokushisa;

Inqubo yokugcinwa:

Faka izithasiselo ze-nickel Plating ngesikhathi ngokusho kwamahora we-kiloampere nsuku zonke; Bheka ukuthi iphampu yokuhlunga isebenza ngokujwayelekile nokuthi kukhona yini ukuvuza komoya; Hlanza induku ye-cathode conductive ngendwangu emanzi ehlanzekile njalo emahoreni ama-2-3; Hlaziya okuqukethwe yi-nickel sulfate (i-nickel sulfamate) (kanye ngesonto), i-nickel chloride (kanye ngesonto) kanye ne-boric acid (kanye ngesonto) kusilinda yethusi njalo ngesonto, lungisa okuqukethwe izithasiselo ze-nickel plating ngokusebenzisa iHolo cell test , futhi ungeze izinto zokusetshenziswa ezifanele ngesikhathi; Hlanza i-anode conductive rod nezixhumi zikagesi kuzo zombili iziphetho zethangi masonto onke, engeza i-anode nickel angle kubhasikidi we-titanium ngesikhathi, ne-electrolyze ene-low yamanje engu-0.2-0.5 ASD amahora angama-6-8; Bheka ukuthi ngabe isikhwama sebhasikidi se-titanium se-anode sonakele yini inyanga nenyanga, bese usifaka esikhundleni saso ngesikhathi; Bheka ukuthi udaka lwe-anode lunqwabelene ezansi kwebhasikidi le-anode titanium, bese ulihlanze ngesikhathi uma lukhona; Umgogodla wekhabhoni wasetshenziselwa ukuhlunga okuqhubekayo amahora angama-6-8, futhi ukungcola kwasuswa yi-electrolysis yamanje ephansi ngasikhathi sinye; Njalo uhhafu wonyaka noma ngaphezulu, thola ukuthi ngabe ukwelashwa okukhulu (i-activated carbon powder) kuyadingeka yini ngokuya ngokungcoliswa ketshezi kwethangi; Miselela into yokuhlunga yepompo yokuhlunga njalo emavikini amabili;

Procedure Inqubo yokwelashwa enkulu: A. khipha i-anode, uthele i-anode, uhlanze i-anode, bese uyifaka emgqonyeni ogcwele ikona le-nickel, ubhebhethekise ubuso bekhoneli le-nickel nge-micro etchant kumbala obomvana. Ngemuva kokuwasha nokomisa, kufake kubhasikidi we-titanium bese ukufaka ethangini le-asidi ukulinda. B. cwilisa ubhasikidi we-anode titanium nesikhwama se-anode kusisombululo se-10% se-alkaline samahora ayi-6-8, ugeze futhi womile ngamanzi, bese ufaka ku-5% hlaziya i-sulfuric acid, Geza bese womile ngamanzi kokuma; C D. Vala umoya ovusa amadlingozi, uncibilikise kancane i-activated carbon powder kusixazululo sethangi ngesilinganiso esingu-1-3g / L, uvule umoya ovuthayo ngemuva kokuphela kokuphela, bese uwugcina ufudumele amahora angu-30-65; E. Cisha umoya ovuzayo, ushise bese uvumela i-activated carbon powder ukuthi ihlale phansi ethangini kancane; F. Lapho izinga lokushisa lehlela cishe ku-2 ℃, sebenzisa i-4um PP filter element ne-filter aid powder ukuhlunga uketshezi lwethangi ethangini elihlanziwe lokusebenza, vula umoya ovuthayo, faka i-anode, uyilengise kupuleti le-electrolytic, bese ucindezela 3. 5-2。 4asd current density low electrolysis yamanje yamahora ayi-40-10, G. ngemuva kokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali, lungisa okuqukethwe kwe-nickel sulfate noma i-nickel sulfamate, i-nickel chloride ne-boric acid ethangini kuye ebangeni elijwayelekile lokusebenza; Faka izithasiselo ze-nickel ngokuya ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwamaseli eHholo; H. Ngemuva kombala wepuleti le-electrolytic surface iyunifomu, yeka i-electrolysis, bese wenza ukwelashwa kwe-electrolytic ngokuya ngamandla wamanje we-0-2 ASD okwemizuzu eyi-0-5 ukwenza i-anode isebenze; 6. Ukufakwa kwesivivinyo Kulungile;

⑤ Uma unezela izidakamizwa, uma inani lokufaka likhulu, njenge-nickel sulfate noma i-nickel sulfamate ne-nickel chloride, izofakwa i-electrolyzed nge-low low ngemuva kokufakwa; Uma ufaka i-boric acid, faka i-boric acid eyengeziwe esikhwameni se-anode ehlanzekile bese uyilengisa kusilinda se-nickel. Ayikwazi ukungezwa ngqo ethangini;

⑥ Ngemuva kokugcwala i-nickel, kunconywa ukuthi ungeze amanzi okugeza futhi uvule isilinda ngamanzi amsulwa, angasetshenziswa ukwengeza izinga loketshezi olwenziwe ukufudumeza kusilinda se-nickel. Ngemuva kokuthola amanzi okugeza, ixhunyaniswa nokuhlanza okwesibili okuphikisayo;

Ifomula yokubalwa kokufakwa kwezidakamizwa:

I-Nickel sulfate (kg) = (280-x) × Ivolumu yethangi (L) / 1000

I-Nickel chloride (kg) = (45-x) × Ivolumu yethangi (L) / 1000

I-Boric acid (kg) = (45-x) × Ivolumu yethangi (L) / 1000

Gold 10） Electroplating igolide: ihlukaniswe yaba electroplating igolide kanzima (igolide ingxubevange) namanzi amanzi (igolide elicwengekileyo) izinqubo. Ukwakheka kophahla oluqinile lwegolide ngokuyisisekelo kuyefana nokugeza okuthambile kwegolide, kepha kukhona ezinye izinsimbi zokulandela umkhondo ezifana ne-nickel, i-cobalt noma i-iron kubhavu wegolide onzima;

① Inhloso nomsebenzi: njengensimbi eyigugu, igolide linokuhleleka okuhle, ukumelana ne-oxidation, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana nokuxhumana okuphansi nokuqina kokugqoka