Kodi njira zopangira ma PCB ndi ziti?

Kodi njira zopangira ma PCB ndi ziti?

The electroplating process of bolodi Zitha kusankhidwa kukhala asidi owala amkuwa osanjikiza mkuwa, faifi tambala / golide ndi tini yamagetsi.

Plating Line

1、 Classification of electroplating process:

Acid chowala mkuwa electroplating faifi tambala / golide electroplating malata

2, Njira otaya:

Kutola → zokutira zamkuwa pa bolodi lonse → kusamutsa kwamachitidwe → kutsika kwa asidi → kutsuka kwachiwiri kwapakatikati → kachulukidwe kakang’ono → kachiwiri → kukankhira → malata opopera → kutsuka kwachiwiri

Kutsuka kotsukira kwamkati → kudumphira asidi → kupaka utoto wowoneka bwino → kutsuka kwapangidwe kofananira → kuyerekezera faifi tambala → kutsuka madzi kwachiwiri → kusamba kwa asidi ya citric → kuyika kwa golide → kuchira → kutsuka kwamadzi osadukiza 2-3-kuyanika

3、 Process Description:

（1） Kusankha

Udindo ndi cholinga:

Chotsani okusayidi pamwamba pa mbale ndikuyambitsa mbaleyo. Nthawi zambiri, ndendeyo imakhala 5%, ndipo ina imasungidwa pafupifupi 10%, makamaka kuteteza madzi kuti asabweretse ndikupangitsa kuti asidi wa sulfuric acid asakhazikike mumadzi a tanki;

Acid Nthawi ya leaching ya asidi sayenera kukhala yayitali kwambiri kuti iteteze makutidwe ndi nthaka; Pambuyo pogwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanthawi, ngati yankho la asidi lili lopanda kanthu kapena mkuwa uli wochuluka kwambiri, udzasinthidwa m’malo mwake kuti muteteze kuipitsidwa kwa silinda yamkuwa ndi mbale;

③ CP grade sulfuric acid idzagwiritsidwa ntchito pano;

（2） Full plate copper plating: also known as primary copper, plate electricity, panel plating ① function and purpose:

Protect the thin chemical copper just deposited, prevent the chemical copper from being etched by acid after oxidation, and add it to a certain extent by electroplating

② Njira zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zokutira zamkuwa pa mbale yonse: yankho losamba limapangidwa ndi sulfate yamkuwa ndi sulfuric acid. Chilinganizo cha asidi mkulu ndi otsika mkuwa anatengera kuonetsetsa kufanana kwa kugawa mbale makulidwe ndi luso plating kwambiri mabowo kwambiri pa electroplating; Asidi a sulfuric acid amakhala 180 g / L, ndipo ambiri a iwo amafikira 240 g / L; Zomwe zili mu mkuwa sulphate nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupifupi 75 g / L. kuphatikiza apo, pang’ono ya chloride ion imawonjezeredwa mu thanki yamadzi ngati wothandizira gloss wothandizila ndi wothandizila wa gloss kuti azisewera pamodzi; Kuchulukitsa kapena kutsegulira kwa silinda kopukutira kwamkuwa nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwa 3-5ml / L. kuphatikiza kwa polish yamkuwa nthawi zambiri kumawonjezeredwa kutengera njira ya kiloampere ola kapena malinga ndi momwe zimapangidwira; Pakadali pano papulatifomu yonse yamagetsi nthawi zambiri imawerengedwa pochulukitsa 2 A / lalikulu decimeter ndi dera lamagetsi lapa mbale. Kwa mbale yonse, ndi kutalika kwa mbale DM × Mbale m’lifupi DM × awiri × 2A / DM2, Kutentha kwa silinda yamkuwa kumasungidwa kutentha, makamaka madigiri osapitilira 32, makamaka olamulidwa pa 22 degrees. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa chakutentha kwambiri mchilimwe, tikulimbikitsidwa kukhazikitsa njira yozizira yoziziritsira yamphamvu yamkuwa;

Kukonza njira:

Bweretsani kupukutira kwamkuwa munthawi yake malinga ndi ma kiloampere maola tsiku lililonse, ndikuwonjezera malinga ndi 100-150ml / Kah; Chongani ngati fyuluta mpope ntchito bwinobwino ndipo ngati pali mpweya kutayikira; Sambani ndodo yoyenda ndi nsalu yoyera nthawi iliyonse 2-3 maola; Zomwe zili mu mkuwa sulphate (kamodzi pa sabata), asidi sulfuric (kamodzi pa sabata) ndi ma chloride ion (kawiri pa sabata) mu silinda yamkuwa idzasanthulidwa sabata iliyonse, zomwe zowunikira zimasinthidwa pakuyesa kwa Hall cell, ndi zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito ziyenera kuthandizidwa pakapita nthawi; Sambani ndodo yokhotakhota komanso zolumikizira zamagetsi kumapeto onse a thanki sabata iliyonse, mudzaze mpira wa anode mudengu la titaniyamu munthawi yake, ndi electrolyze ndi otsika pano 0.2-0.5 ASD kwa maola 6-8; Onetsetsani ngati thumba la anode la titaniyamu lawonongeka mwezi uliwonse, ndikulibwezeretsanso nthawi; Onani ngati matope a anode apezeka pansi pamunsi pa anode titaniyamu, ndikuyeretseni munthawi ngati ilipo; Carbon core idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusefera mosalekeza kwa maola 6-8, ndipo zosafunika zidachotsedwa ndi ma electrolysis otsika nthawi yomweyo; Pafupifupi theka la chaka kapena kupitilira apo, onani ngati chithandizo chazikulu (chotsitsidwa ndi mpweya wa kaboni) chimafunika malinga ndi kuipitsidwa kwa madzi am’tangi; Sinthanitsani fyuluta ya fyuluta yamasabata awiri aliwonse;

Procedure Njira yayikulu yothandizira: A. tengani anode, tsanulirani anode, yeretsani kanema wa anode pamwambapa, ndikuyiyika mu mbiya yolongedza mkuwa. Roughen ngodya yamkuwa pamwamba yunifolomu pinki ndi yaying’ono etchant. Mukatsuka ndi kuyanika, ikani mudengu la titaniyamu ndikuyiyika mu thanki la asidi poyimira. B. lowani mudengu la anode titaniyamu ndi thumba la anode mu 10% yankho la zamchere kwa maola 6-8, sambani ndi kuuma ndi madzi, kenako zilowerere mu 5% kuchepetsa sulfuric acid, Sambani ndi kuuma ndi madzi poyimira; C. Tumizani madzi amtundu wa thanki panjinga yoyimirira, onjezerani 1-3ml / L 30% hydrogen peroxide, yambani kutenthetsa, yatsani mpweya kuyaka kutentha ngati kuli pafupifupi 65 ℃, ndikuyambitsa ndi mpweya wamafuta kwa maola 2-4; D. Zimitsani mpweya woyambitsa, pang’onopang’ono sungunulani mpweya wokhazikika mu thanki yamphamvu pamlingo wa 3-5g / L, yambitsani mphepo ikuyambitsa kutha kumatha, ndikuwotha moto kwa maola 2-4; E. Zimitsani mpweya woyaka, kutentha ndi kulola mpweya wa kaboni wokhazikika kukhazikika pansi pa thanki pang’onopang’ono; F. Kutentha kukatsika mpaka 40 ℃, gwiritsani ntchito fyuluta ya 10um PP ndi fyuluta yothandizira ufa kuti uwonetse madzi amtanki mu thanki yogwirira ntchito, kuyatsa mpweya, kuyika anode, kupachika mu mbale yamagetsi, ndi ma electrolyze pa otsika pano malinga ndi 0.2-0.5asd kachulukidwe kameneka kwa maola 6-8. G. sinthani zomwe zili ndi sulfuric acid, mkuwa sulphate ndi ma chloride ion mu thanki kuti igwire bwino ntchito pambuyo pofufuza labotale; Bweretsani wowalitsa malingana ndi zotsatira za mayeso a Hall Hall; H. Mtundu wa mbale utakhala yunifolomu, ma electrolysis amatha kuyimitsidwa, kenako kanema wamagetsi amathandizidwa kwa maola 1-2 kutengera kuchuluka kwa 1-1.5asd. Filimu yakuda ya phosphorous yokhala ndi guluu wolimba womwe umapangidwa pa anode; 1. Kuyesa mayeso Chabwino;

⑤ The anode copper ball contains 0.3-0.6% phosphorus. The main purpose is to reduce the anode dissolution efficiency and reduce the production of copper powder;

⑥ Pakubwezeretsanso mankhwala, ngati ndalamazo ndi zazikulu, monga sulfate yamkuwa ndi sulfuric acid; Electrolysis yotsika pano idzachitika pambuyo pa kuwonjezera; Samalani pa chitetezo mukamawonjezera sulfuric acid. Pamene asidi a sulfuric acid ndi akulu (kuposa malita 10), onjezerani pang’onopang’ono kangapo; Kupanda kutero, kutentha kwa madzi osamba kudzakhala kwakukulu kwambiri, kuwonongeka kwa photocatalyst kudzafulumizidwa, ndipo madzi osamba adzaipitsidwa;

Attention Chisamaliro chapadera chidzaperekedwa pakuwonjezera kwa mankhwala enaake a chloride, chifukwa mankhwala a chloride ion ndi otsika kwambiri (30-90ppm), ayenera kuyezedwa molondola ndi cholembera kapena chikho choyezera musanawonjezere; 1ml hydrochloric acid ili ndi pafupifupi 385ppm chloride ion,

Formula Ndondomeko yowerengera mankhwala:

Copper sulfate (kg) = (75-x) × Tank volume (L) / 1000

Sulfuric acid (in liters) = (10% – x) g / L × Tank volume (L)

Or (in liters) = (180-x) g / L × Tank volume (L) / 1840

Hydrochloric acid (ML) = (60-x) ppm × Tank volume (L) / 385

（3） Kuchepetsa asidi

① Cholinga ndi ntchito: chotsani okusayidi pamkuwa pamzere, mzere wotsalira wa inki ndi guluu wotsalira, ndikuonetsetsa kuti kulumikizana pakati pa mkuwa woyambirira ndi kapangidwe kazitsulo kamkuwa kapena faifi tambala

② Remember to use acid degreaser here. Why not use alkaline degreaser, and the degreasing effect of alkaline degreaser is better than that of acid degreaser? Mainly because the graphic ink is not alkali resistant and will damage the graphic circuit, only acidic degreaser can be used before graphic electroplating.

③ Pakukonzekera, ndikofunikira kokha kuwongolera ndende komanso nthawi yamafuta. Kuchuluka kwa ma degreaser kuli pafupifupi 10% ndipo nthawi imatsimikizika kuti ndi mphindi 6. Nthawi yayitali siyikhala ndi zovuta; Kugwiritsa ntchito ndikusintha kwa madzi amtundu wa tank kumayikidwanso pa 15 m2 / L yogwira madzi, ndikuwonjezera kowonjezera kutengera 100 m2 0. 5-0 8L ；

（4） Micro etching:

Kutulutsa Mzere

① Purpose and function: clean and roughen the copper surface of the circuit to ensure the bonding force between pattern electroplating copper and primary copper

Pers Sodium persulfate imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati kachilombo kakang’ono, kamene kamakhala kosalala komanso kofanana ndi madzi. Kuchuluka kwa sodium persulfate nthawi zambiri kumayang’aniridwa pafupifupi 60 g / L ndipo nthawi imayendetsedwa pafupifupi masekondi 20. Kuwonjezera kwa mankhwala ndi makilogalamu 3-4 pa 100 mita imodzi; Zinthu zamkuwa zizilamuliridwa pansipa 20 g / L; Kukonzanso kwina ndi kusinthana kwamphamvu ndikofanana ndi dzimbiri lamkuwa.

（5） Kusankha

Udindo ndi cholinga:

③ CP grade sulfuric acid idzagwiritsidwa ntchito pano;

（6） Graphic copper plating: also known as secondary copper, circuit copper plating

① Cholinga ndi ntchito: kuti mukwaniritse mzere uliwonse wamtundu uliwonse, mzere uliwonse ndi dzenje lamkuwa zimayenera kufikira makulidwe ena. Pofuna kukulunga mzere wamkuwa, dzenje lamkuwa ndi mzere wamkuwa zidzakhuthala kufikira makulidwe ena mu nthawi;

② Zinthu zina ndizofanana ndi kuzaza mbale zonse

（7） Electroplated tin ① purpose and function: the purpose of graphic electroplated pure tin mainly uses pure tin as a metal resist layer to protect circuit etching;

Liquid Madzi osambira amapangidwa ndi stannous sulphate, sulfuric acid ndi zowonjezera; Stannous sulphate zili amazilamulira pa za 35 g / L ndi asidi sulfuric umalamulidwa pafupifupi 10%; Kuphatikiza kwa zowonjezera ma tini nthawi zambiri kumawonjezeredwa kutengera njira ya ola la kiloampere kapena malinga ndi momwe zimapangidwira; Ma tini opangidwa ndi ma electroplated amawerengedwa kuti ndi 1. 5 A / square decimeter yochulukitsidwa ndi dera lamagetsi papaleti; Kutentha kwa silinda yamalata kumasungidwa kutentha. Nthawi zambiri, kutentha sikupitilira madigiri 30 ndipo kumawongoleredwa kwambiri pamadigiri 22. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa chakutentha kwambiri mchilimwe, tikulimbikitsidwa kukhazikitsa chozizira ndi kutentha kwa chitsulo chamatini;

Kukonza njira:

Zowonjezera panthawi yake zowonjezera zowonjezera malingana ndi ma kiloampere maola tsiku lililonse; Chongani ngati fyuluta mpope ntchito bwinobwino ndipo ngati pali mpweya kutayikira; Sambani ndodo yoyenda ndi chovala chonyowa chonyowa pakatha maola 2-3; Fufuzani stannous sulphate (kamodzi pa sabata) ndi sulfuric acid (kamodzi pa sabata) mu silinda yamatini pafupipafupi sabata iliyonse, sinthani zina mwazitsulo zopangira tini kudzera pakuyesa kwa Hall cell, ndikuwonjezeranso zinthu zofunikira munthawi yake; Sambani ndodo yodutsa komanso zolumikizira zamagetsi kumapeto onse a thanki sabata iliyonse; Electrolysis yokhala ndi otsika pano 0.2-0.5 ASD kwa maola 6-8 sabata iliyonse; Chikwama cha anode chizayang’aniridwa mwezi uliwonse kuti chiwonongeke, ndipo chowonongekacho chidzasinthidwa munthawi yake; Onetsetsani ngati pali matope a anode omwe anasonkhanitsidwa pansi pa thumba la anode, ndikuyeretsani munthawi ngati kulibe; Sefani mosalekeza ndi mpweya wa carbon kwa maola 6-8 pamwezi, ndikuchotsa zosafunika ndi electrolysis yotsika pano; Pafupifupi theka la chaka kapena kupitilira apo, onani ngati chithandizo chazikulu (chotsitsidwa ndi mpweya wa kaboni) chimafunika malinga ndi kuipitsidwa kwa madzi am’tangi; Sinthanitsani fyuluta ya fyuluta milungu iwiri iliyonse;

Procedure Njira yayikulu yothandizira: A. chotsani anode, chotsani thumba la anode, yeretsani malo a anode ndi burashi yamkuwa, sambani ndi kuyanika ndi madzi, ikani m’thumba la anode ndikuyiyika mu thanki ya asidi poyimira. B. zilowerere thumba la anode mu 10% yankho la zamchere kwa maola 6-8, sambani ndi kuyanika ndi madzi, zilowerere mu 5% sulutsani asidi wa sulfuric, ndikusamba ndikuumitsa ndi madzi poyimira; C. Chotsani yankho la seloyo pakayimidwe kocheperako ndipo pang’onopang’ono sungunulani ufa wampweyawo mu cell solution pamlingo wa 3-5g / L. yankho litasungunuka kwathunthu, liziwonetseni kwa maola 4-6, kusefa yankho la selo ndi fyuluta ya 10um PP ndi fyuluta yothandizira ufa ku selo yoyeretsedwayo, ikani mu anode, ipachikeni mu mbale yama electrolytic, ndi ma electrolyze pakutsika kwa 0.2-0.5asd kachulukidwe kameneka kwa maola 6-8. D. sintha asidi wa sulfuric mu khungu mutatha kusanthula mankhwala, Stannous sulphate zomwe zili munthawi yoyenera; Onjezerani zowonjezera malata molingana ndi zotsatira zamayeso a Hall; E. Lekani electrolysis pambuyo pa mtundu wa mbale yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi yunifolomu; F. Kuyesa bwino;

④ Pakubwezeretsanso mankhwala, ngati ndalama zowonjezera ndizazikulu, monga stannous sulphate ndi sulfuric acid; Electrolysis yotsika pano idzachitika pambuyo pa kuwonjezera; Samalani pa chitetezo mukamawonjezera sulfuric acid. Pamene asidi a sulfuric acid ndi akulu (kuposa malita 10), onjezerani pang’onopang’ono kangapo; Kupanda kutero, kutentha kosambira kumakhala kochuluka kwambiri, okusayidi ya tini imakonzedwa, ndipo kukalamba kwa madzi kumathandizira.

Formula Ndondomeko yowerengera mankhwala:

Stannous sulphate (unit: kg) = (40-x) × Tank voliyumu (L) / 1000

Sulfuric acid (in liters) = (10% – x) g / L × Tank volume (L)

Or (in liters) = (180-x) g / L × Tank volume (L) / 1840

（9 pl faifi tambala

① Cholinga ndi ntchito: faifi tambala yosanjikiza imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chotchinga pakati pazitsulo zamkuwa ndi golide kuteteza kufalikira kwa golide ndi mkuwa ndikumakhudza kusintha kwa moyo wautumiki; Nthawi yomweyo, thandizo la faifi tambala wosanjikiza kumathandizanso kwambiri kumawonjezera mphamvu mawotchi wosanjikiza golide;

② Njira zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zokutira zamkuwa papulatifomu yonse: kuwonjezera kwa zowonjezera zowonjezera faifi tambala kumawonjezeredwa malinga ndi njira ya ola la kiloampere, kapena kuchuluka kwake kuli pafupifupi 200ml / Kah malinga ndi kutulutsa kwenikweni kwa mbaleyo; Makina azithunzi osanja opanda failo amawerengedwa kawirikawiri pochulukitsa 2 A / lalikulu decimeter ndi malo osanjikizira pambale; Kutentha kwa silinda ya nickel kumasungidwa pamadigiri 40-55, ndipo kutentha konse kumakhala pafupifupi madigiri 50. Chifukwa chake, silinda yamagetsi iyenera kukhala ndi zida zotenthetsera ndi kutentha;

Kukonza njira:

Nthawi zina zowonjezera zowonjezera ma nickel malinga ndi maola a kiloampere tsiku lililonse; Chongani ngati fyuluta mpope ntchito bwinobwino ndipo ngati pali mpweya kutayikira; Sambani ndodo yoyenda ndi chovala chonyowa chonyowa pakatha maola 2-3; Fufuzani zomwe zili mu nickel sulphate (faifi tambala sulphate) (kamodzi pa sabata), faifi tambala chloride (kamodzi pa sabata) ndi boric acid (kamodzi pa sabata) mu silinda yamkuwa pafupipafupi sabata iliyonse , ndi kuwonjezera zinthu zofunikira pakapita nthawi; Sambani ndodo yokhotakhota komanso zolumikizira zamagetsi kumapeto onse a thanki sabata iliyonse, onjezerani ngodya ya anode mu dengu la titaniyamu munthawi yake, ndi electrolyze ndi otsika pano 0.2-0.5 ASD kwa maola 6-8; Onetsetsani ngati thumba la anode la titaniyamu lawonongeka mwezi uliwonse, ndikusintha nthawi yake; Onani ngati matope a anode apezeka pansi pamunsi pa anode titaniyamu, ndikuyeretseni munthawi ngati ilipo; Carbon core idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusefera mosalekeza kwa maola 6-8, ndipo zosafunika zidachotsedwa ndi ma electrolysis otsika nthawi yomweyo; Pafupifupi theka la chaka kapena kupitilira apo, onani ngati chithandizo chazikulu (chotsitsidwa ndi mpweya wa kaboni) chimafunika malinga ndi kuipitsidwa kwa madzi am’tangi; Sinthanitsani fyuluta ya fyuluta milungu iwiri iliyonse;

④ Njira yayikulu yothandizira: A. chotsani anode, tsanulirani anode, yeretsani anode, ndiyeno muyikeni mu mbiya yodzaza ndi kona ya faifi tambala, yolowetsa pamwamba pakona ya faifi tambala ndi yaying’ono yaying’ono yunifolomu yofanana. Mukatsuka ndi kuyanika, ikani mudengu la titaniyamu ndikuyiyika mu thanki la asidi poyimira. B. lowani mudengu la anode titaniyamu ndi thumba la anode mu 10% yankho la zamchere kwa maola 6-8, sambani ndi kuuma ndi madzi, kenako zilowerere mu 5% kuchepetsa sulfuric acid, Sambani ndi kuuma ndi madzi poyimira; C. Tumizani madzi amtundu wa thanki panjinga yoyimirira, onjezerani 1-3ml / L 30% hydrogen peroxide, yambani kutenthetsa, yatsani mpweya kuyaka kutentha ngati kuli pafupifupi 65 ℃, ndikuyambitsa ndi mpweya wamafuta kwa maola 2-4; D. Zimitsani mpweya woyambitsa, pang’onopang’ono sungunulani mpweya wokhazikika mu thanki yamphamvu pamlingo wa 3-5g / L, yambitsani mphepo ikuyambitsa kutha kumatha, ndikuwotha moto kwa maola 2-4; E. Zimitsani mpweya woyaka, kutentha ndi kulola mpweya wa kaboni wokhazikika kukhazikika pansi pa thanki pang’onopang’ono; F. Kutentha kukatsika mpaka 40 ℃, gwiritsani ntchito fyuluta ya 10um PP ndi fyuluta yothandizira ufa kuti uwonetse madzi amtanki mu thanki yogwirira ntchito, kuyatsa mpweya, kuyika anode, kuyipachika mu mbale yamagetsi, ndikusindikiza 0. 2-0。 5asd kuchuluka kwaposachedwa kwama electrolysis kwamaola 6-8, G. atawunika mankhwala, sinthani zomwe zili ndi nickel sulphate kapena faifi tambala sulphate, faifi tambala mankhwala enaake ndi boric acid mu thankiyo kuti azigwira ntchito moyenera; Onjezerani zowonjezera zowonjezera malinga ndi zotsatira za mayeso a Hall; H. Pambuyo pa mtundu wa mbale yamagetsi ndi yunifolomu, siyani electrolysis, kenako ndikuyendetsa mankhwala amagetsi malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa 1-1.5 ASD kwa mphindi 10-20 kuti mutsegule anode; 1. Kuyesa mayeso Chabwino;

⑤ Mukamawonjezera mankhwala, ngati ndalama zowonjezerazo ndi zazikulu, monga nickel sulphate kapena faifi tambala sulphate ndi faifi tambala mankhwala enaake, azipatsidwa mphamvu yamagetsi ndi magetsi otsika pambuyo pake; Mukamawonjezera boric acid, ikani boric acid mu thumba loyera la anode ndikulipachika mu silinda ya faifi tambala. Sizingowonjezeredwa mwachindunji mu thanki;

⑥ Pambuyo podzikongoletsa ndi faifi tambala, tikulimbikitsidwa kuwonjezera kutsuka kwamadzi ndikutsegula silinda ndi madzi oyera, omwe atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezeranso mulingo wamadzimadzi womwe umadzaza ndi kutentha mu silinda ya faifi tambala. Pambuyo pochira madzi osamba, amalumikizana ndi kutsuka kwachiwiri;

Formula Ndondomeko yowerengera mankhwala:

Nickel sulphate (kg) = (280-x) × Tank voliyumu (L) / 1000

Nickel chloride (kg) = (45-x) × Tank voliyumu (L) / 1000

Boric acid (kg) = (45-x) × Tank voliyumu (L) / 1000

（10, Electroplating golide: imagawidwa m’magulu olimba a golide (aloyi wa golide) ndi njira za golide wamadzi. Kupanga kwa golide wolimba ndikofanana ndi kusamba kwa golide wofewa, koma pali zinthu zina monga nickel, cobalt kapena chitsulo mu bafa yolimba yagolide;

① Cholinga ndi magwiridwe antchito: ngati chitsulo chamtengo wapatali, golide ali ndi kuthekera kwabwino, kukana makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kukana dzimbiri, kulimbikira kwambiri komanso kuvala kukana