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The electroplating process of sekit enwere ike ikewa ya n’ime sọlfọ ọla kọpa na -egbuke egbuke, nickel / ọla edo electroplated na tin tin.

Plasta Line

1, Nhazi ọkwa nke usoro electroplating:

Acid na -egbuke egbuke ọla kọpa electroplating nickel / gold electroplating tin

2, Usoro eruba:

Pickling, plating ọla kọpa na bọọdụ niile, nnyefe usoro, degreasing acid, ịsacha mmiri nke abụọ, micro etching, sekọndrị, pickling, plating tin, rinsing nke abụọ.

Countercurrent rinsing → acid dipping → graphic copper plating → secondary countercurrent rinsing → nickel plating → secondary water washing → citric acid dipping → gold plating → recovery → 2-3-stage pure water washing → drying

3, Nkọwa usoro:

（1） Ịtụtụ

① Ọrụ na nzube ya:

Wepu oxide na elu efere wee mee ka efere efere rụọ ọrụ. N’ozuzu, mkpokọta ahụ bụ 5%, a na -echekwa ụfọdụ n’ihe ruru 10%, ọkachasị ka mmiri ghara ibubata ma bute ọdịnaya sọlfọ acid na -akwụghị chịm n’ime mmiri tank;

② The acid leaching time should not be too long to prevent oxidation of the plate surface; After use for a period of time, if the acid solution is turbid or the copper content is too high, it shall be replaced in time to prevent contamination of the plated copper cylinder and plate surface;

③ A ga -eji acid sọlfọ acid mee ihe ebe a;

（2, Mpekere ọla kọpa zuru oke: a makwaara dị ka ọla kọpa bụ isi, ọkụ eletrik, ọrụ plating, ọrụ na ebumnuche:

Chebe ọla kọpa dị gịrịgịrị nke edobere, gbochie ọla kọpa kemịkalụ ka acid ghara ịcha ya ka ọ gbasasịa, wee tinye ya ruo n’ókè ụfọdụ site na electroplating.

Parameters Usoro usoro metụtara ihe mkpuchi ọla kọpa na efere ahụ niile: ihe ịsa ahụ na -abụkarị nke ọla kọpa sulfate na sọlfọ acid. A na -anabata usoro nke acid dị elu na ọla kọpa dị ala iji hụ na ịdị n’otu nke nkesa ọkpụrụkpụ nke efere na ike plating miri maka oghere miri emi n’oge electroplating; Ọdịdị sọlfọ ahụ bụ nke kacha 180 g / L, ọtụtụ n’ime ha na -eru 240 g / L; Ọdịnaya nke ọla kọpa sulfate bụ ihe dịka 75 g / L. na mgbakwunye, a na -etinye obere ion chloride na mmiri mmiri tank dị ka onye na -ahụ maka inye aka na onye na -enwu enwu ọla kọpa ka ha na -emekọ ihe ọnụ; Mgbakwunye ma ọ bụ ọnụ ụzọ mepere emepe nke ọla kọpa bụ 3-5ml / L. mgbakwunye nke ọla kọpa ka agbakwunyere dịka usoro nke kiloampere ma ọ bụ dabere na nsonaazụ mmepụta n’ezie; A na -agbakọ ugbu a nke electroplating efere niile site n’ịba ụba 2 A / square decimeter site na mpaghara electroplating na efere. Maka efere niile, ọ bụ ogologo efere DM × efere obosara DM × abụọ × 2A/ DM2 ； A na -edobe okpomoku nke sịlịnda ọla kọpa na ọnọdụ ụlọ, n’ozuzu adịghị karịa ogo 32, nke a na -achịkwakarị na ogo 22. Ya mere, n’ihi oke okpomọkụ n’oge ọkọchị, a na -atụ aro ka ị wụnye sistemụ njikwa okpomọkụ jụrụ oyi maka cylinder ọla kọpa;

Maintenance Nhazi usoro:

Mechie nchacha ọla kọpa n’oge ka elekere kiloampere kwa ụbọchị, gbakwunye ya dị ka 100-150ml / Kah; Lelee ma mgbapụta nzacha na -arụ ọrụ nke ọma yana enwere mgbapụta ikuku; Jiri akwa mmiri dị ọcha hichaa mkpara conductive cathode kwa awa 2-3; A ga na -enyocha ọdịnaya nke sulfate ọla kọpa (otu ugboro n’izu), sulfuric acid (otu ugboro n’izu) na ion chloride (ugboro abụọ n’izu) na cylinder ọla kọpa kwa izu, a ga -edozi ọdịnaya nke ihe na -enwu ọkụ site na ule selụ Hall, na a ga -agbakwunye akụrụngwa dị mkpa n’oge; Hichaa mkpanaka eriri anode na njikọ eletrik na nsọtụ abụọ nke tank kwa izu, mejupụta bọọlụ ọla kọpa anode na nkata titanium n’oge, wee jiri obere 0.2-0.5 ASD dị ugbu a ruo awa 6-8; Lelee ma akpa nkata titanium nke anode na -emebi kwa ọnwa, dochie ya n’oge; Lelee ma apịtị apịtị juputara na ala nke nkata titanium, wee hichaa ya n’oge ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị; Ejiri eriri carbon maka nzacha na-aga n’ihu ruo awa 6-8, ewepụrụ adịghị ọcha site na electrolysis dị ala ugbu a n’otu oge; Ọkara ọkara otu afọ ma ọ bụ karịa, chọpụta ma achọrọ ọgwụgwọ buru ibu (carbon ntụ ntụ na-arụ ọrụ) dị ka mmetọ mmiri mmiri si eme; Dochie ihe nzacha nke nfuli nzacha kwa izu abụọ;

Usoro ọgwụgwọ ukwu: A. wepụta anode, wụsa anode, hichaa ihe nkiri anode n’elu ala anode, wee tinye ya na gbọmgbọm na -akwakọba anode ọla kọpa. Roughen elu ọla kọpa elu ka edo edo na micro etchant. Mgbe ịsachara na ihicha, tinye ya na nkata titanium wee tinye ya na tank acid maka njikere. B. gbanye nkata titanium anode na akpa anode n’ime ihe ngwọta 10% alkaline maka awa 6-8, sachaa ya na mmiri, wee mikpuo na 5% tụgharịa sọlfọ acid, jiri mmiri sachaa ma kpọnwụọ; C. Nyefee mmiri mmiri tank ka ọ bụrụ na njikere, tinye 1-3ml / L 30% hydrogen peroxide, bido kpo oku, gbanye ikuku na-akpali akpali mgbe ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị ihe dịka 65 ℃, wee were ikuku kpuchiri ekpuchi ruo awa 2-4; D. Gbanyụọ ikuku na-akpali akpali, jiri nwayọ gbazee ntụ ntụ carbon na-arụ ọrụ n’ime ngwọta tank na ọnụego 3-5g / L, gbanye ikuku na-akpali akpali mgbe mgbazechara zuru oke, wee debe ya ọkụ maka awa 2-4; E. Gbanyụọ ikuku na -akpali akpali, kpoo ọkụ ma hapụ ka ntụ ntụ carbon na -arụ ọrụ gbadaa na ala nke tank ahụ nwayọ; F. Mgbe okpomoku gbadara ihe dịka 40 ℃, jiri ihe nzacha 10um PP na ntụ ntụ enyemaka iji hichaa mmiri mmiri tank n’ime tank na -arụ ọrụ, gbanye ikuku na -akpali akpali, tinye anode, kpọgide ya na efere electrolytic, na electrolyze na dị ala dị ka 0.2-0.5asd njupụta dị ugbu a maka awa 6-8. G. mezie ọdịnaya nke sọlfọ sulfuric, sulfate ọla kọpa na ion chloride dị na tank ahụ ka ọ na -arụ ọrụ mgbe nyocha ụlọ nyocha gasịrị; Mechie ihe na -egbu maramara dị ka nsonaazụ ule ụlọ Hall; H. A na -emepụta akwa nke ihe nkiri ojii phosphorus nwere nrapado siri ike na anode; 1. Nnwale plating Ọ dị mma;

⑤ The anode copper ball contains 0.3-0.6% phosphorus. The main purpose is to reduce the anode dissolution efficiency and reduce the production of copper powder;

⑥ When replenishing drugs, if the amount is large, such as copper sulfate and sulfuric acid; Low current electrolysis shall be conducted after addition; Pay attention to safety when adding sulfuric acid. When the amount of sulfuric acid is large (more than 10 liters), add it slowly several times; Otherwise, the temperature of the bath liquid will be too high, the photocatalyst decomposition will be accelerated, and the bath liquid will be polluted;

⑦ A ga-etinye nlebara anya pụrụ iche na mgbakwunye chloride ion, n’ihi na ọdịnaya ion chloride dị ala (30-90ppm), a ga-eji cylinder ma ọ bụ iko tụọ ya nke ọma tupu ịgbakwunye; 1ml hydrochloric acid nwere ihe dị ka ion chloride 385ppm,

Formula Usoro ịgbakọ ọgwụ ọjọọ:

Ọla kọpa sulfate (n’arọ) = (75-x) volume Mpịakọta tank (L) / 1000

Sulfuric acid (in liters) = (10% – x) g / L × Tank volume (L)

Or (in liters) = (180-x) g / L × Tank volume (L) / 1840

Hydrochloric acid (ML) = (60-x) ppm × Tank volume (L) / 385

(3) Acid na -agbada

① Nzube na ọrụ: wepu oxide ahụ n’elu ọla kọpa nke ahịrị, ihe nkiri ink na gluu nke fọdụrụ, ma hụ na nrapado n’etiti ọla kọpa mbụ na ụkpụrụ electroplating ọla kọpa ma ọ bụ nickel

② Remember to use acid degreaser here. Why not use alkaline degreaser, and the degreasing effect of alkaline degreaser is better than that of acid degreaser? Mainly because the graphic ink is not alkali resistant and will damage the graphic circuit, only acidic degreaser can be used before graphic electroplating.

③ N’oge mmepụta, ọ bụ naanị na ọ dị mkpa ijikwa mkpokọta na oge nke degreaser. Ntinye nke degreaser bụ ihe dịka 10% na oge a na -ekwe nkwa ịbụ nkeji 6. Obere oge agaghị enwe mmetụta ọjọọ; Ojiji na ngbanwe nke mmiri tank dabere na 15 m2 / L mmiri na -arụ ọrụ, yana mgbakwunye mgbakwunye dabere na 100 m2 0. 5—0。 8L ；

（4） Micro etching:

Line na -enyocha

① Nzube na ịrụ ọrụ: hichaa ma mebie elu ọla kọpa nke sekit iji hụ na ike njikọ dị n’etiti ụkpụrụ electroplating ọla kọpa na ọla kọpa bụ isi.

② A na -ejikarị sodium persulfate eme ihe dị ka micro etchant, na -enwe ọnụ ahịa siri ike na edo edo na ịdị mma mmiri. A na -achịkwa mkpokọta sodium persulfate n’ihe dị ka 60 g / L ma na -achịkwa oge n’ihe dị ka sekọnd 20. Mgbakwunye ọgwụ bụ kilogram 3-4 kwa mita mita 100; A ga -achịkwa ọdịnaya ọla kọpa n’okpuru 20 g / L; Ndozi ndị ọzọ na nnọchi cylinder bụ otu mbibi ọla kọpa na -ada.

（5） Ịtụtụ

① Ọrụ na nzube ya:

Wepu oxide na elu efere wee mee ka efere efere rụọ ọrụ. N’ozuzu, mkpokọta ahụ bụ 5%, a na -echekwa ụfọdụ n’ihe ruru 10%, ọkachasị ka mmiri ghara ibubata ma bute ọdịnaya sọlfọ acid na -akwụghị chịm n’ime mmiri tank;

② The acid leaching time should not be too long to prevent oxidation of the plate surface; After use for a period of time, if the acid solution is turbid or the copper content is too high, it shall be replaced in time to prevent contamination of the plated copper cylinder and plate surface;

③ A ga -eji acid sọlfọ acid mee ihe ebe a;

（6） Ihe mkpuchi ọla kọpa: nke a makwaara dị ka ọla kọpa nke abụọ, mkpuchi ọla kọpa okirikiri

Nzube na ọrụ: ka e wee nwee ike ị nweta oke nke ahịrị nke ọ bụla, ahịrị ọ bụla na ọla kọpa kwesịrị iru ụfọdụ oke. Maka ebumnuche nke ịchekwa ọla kọpa, oghere ọla kọpa na eriri ọla kọpa ka a ga -eme ka ọ bụrụ ọkpụrụkpụ n’oge;

② Ihe ndị ọzọ bụ otu electroplating efere zuru ezu

（7） Electroplated tin ① purpose and function: the purpose of graphic electroplated pure tin mainly uses pure tin as a metal resist layer to protect circuit etching;

② Mmiri ịsa ahụ na -abụkarị sọlfọ stannous, sọlfọ acid na ihe mgbakwunye; A na -achịkwa ọdịnaya sulfate Stannous n’ihe dị ka 35 g / L na sulfuric acid na -achịkwa ihe dịka 10%; Mgbakwunye mgbakwunye ihe nchara tin na -agbakwunyere dị ka usoro nke kiloampere ma ọ bụ dabere na nsonaazụ mmepụta; A na -agbakọkarị tin tin electroplated dị ka 1. 5 A / square decimeter mụbara site na mpaghara electroplating na efere; A na -edowe ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke gbadị gbamgbam n’ime ụlọ. N’ozuzu, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ anaghị akarị ogo 30 ma a na -achịkwakarị ya na ogo 22. Ya mere, n’ihi oke okpomọkụ n’oge ọkọchị, a na -atụ aro ka ị wụnye sistemụ jụrụ oyi na njikwa okpomọkụ maka cylinder tin;

Maintenance Nhazi usoro:

Na -agbakwụnye mgbakwunye ihe mkpuchi plastik dị ka elekere kiloampere kwa ụbọchị; Lelee ma mgbapụta nzacha na -arụ ọrụ nke ọma yana enwere mgbapụta ikuku; Jiri akwa nhicha mmiri dị ọcha sachaa mkpanaka na-eduzi cathode kwa awa 2-3; Na -enyocha sulfate stannous (otu ugboro n’izu) na sulfuric acid (otu ugboro n’izu) na tin cylinder kwa izu, na -edozi ọdịnaya nke ihe mgbakwunye tin site na nnwale sel sel, wee gbakwunye akụrụngwa dị mkpa n’oge; Hichaa mkpanaka eriri anode na njikọ eletrik na nsọtụ abụọ nke tank kwa izu; Electrolysis na 0.2-0.5 ASD dị ala ugbu a maka awa 6-8 kwa izu; A ga -enyocha akpa anode kwa ọnwa maka mmebi, a ga -edochi nke mebiri emebi n’oge; Lelee ma enwere apịtị anode dị na ala nke akpa anode, wee hichaa ya n’oge ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị; Jiri isi carbon na-enyocha mgbe niile maka awa 6-8 kwa ọnwa, wee wepu adịghị ọcha site na obere electrolysis dị ugbu a; Ọkara ọkara otu afọ ma ọ bụ karịa, chọpụta ma achọrọ ọgwụgwọ buru ibu (carbon ntụ ntụ na-arụ ọrụ) dị ka mmetọ mmiri mmiri si eme; Dochie ihe nzacha nke nfuli nzacha kwa izu abụọ;

Procedure Usoro ọgwụgwọ ukwu: A. wepụta anode, wepụ akpa anode, jiri ahịhịa ọla kọwaa elu ala ahụ, sachaa ya mmiri, tinye ya n’ime akpa anode wee tinye ya na tank acid maka njikere. B. gbanye akpa anode n’ime ihe ngwọta alkaline 10% maka awa 6-8, saa ya mmiri ma hichaa ya, gbanye ya na sulfuric acid 5%, wee saa ya ma jiri mmiri mee ihe maka njikere. C. Nyefee ngwongwo mkpụrụ ndụ na selụ nọrọ na njikere wee jiri nwayọ gbarie ntụ ntụ carbon na-arụ ọrụ n’ime ihe ngwọta na ọnụego 3-5g / L. mgbe etisasịchara ngwọta ahụ kpamkpam, tinye ya maka awa 4-6, hichaa ihe ngwọta sel. ya na 10um PP filter element and filter aid powder to the cleaned cell, tinye ya n’ime anode, kpọgide ya na efere electrolytic, ma tinye ya na obere 0.2-0.5asd njupụta dị ugbu a maka awa 6-8. D. mezie sọlfọ sulfuric n’ime sel mgbe nyochachara kemịkal, ọdịnaya sulfate Stannous n’ime oke ọrụ nkịtị; Tinye ihe mgbakwunye plating tin dị ka nsonaazụ ule ụlọ Hall; E. Kwụsị electrolysis mgbe agba nke elu ala electrolytic bụ edo; F. Test plating OK;

④ Mgbe ị na -emejupụta ọgwụ, ọ bụrụ na ego agbakwunyere buru ibu, dị ka stannous sulfate na sulfuric acid; A ga -eduzi electrolysis dị ala ugbu a mgbe agbakwunyere; Lezienụ anya na nchekwa mgbe ị na -agbakwunye sọlfọ acid. Mgbe ọnụọgụ sọlfọ acid buru ibu (ihe karịrị lita 10), tinye ya nwayọ ọtụtụ oge; Ma ọ bụghị ya, ọnọdụ ịsa ahụ ga -adị oke elu, tin oxide ga -abụ oxidized, ịka nká nke mmiri mmiri ga -adịkwa ngwa ngwa.

Formula Usoro ịgbakọ ọgwụ ọjọọ:

Stannous sulfate (otu: n’arọ) = (40-x) volume Mpịakọta tank (L) / 1000

Sulfuric acid (in liters) = (10% – x) g / L × Tank volume (L)

Or (in liters) = (180-x) g / L × Tank volume (L) / 1840

（9） Nickel mkpuchi

① Nzube na ọrụ: a na -ejikarị akwa mkpuchi nickel dị ka ihe mgbochi n’etiti akwa ọla kọpa na akwa ọla edo iji gbochie mgbasa nke ọla edo na ọla kọpa ma metụta weldability na ndụ ọrụ nke bọọdụ ahụ; N’otu oge ahụ, nkwado nke oyi akwa nickel na -abawanye ike n’ibu nke akwa ọla edo;

Parameters Usoro usoro metụtara ihe mkpuchi ọla kọpa na efere ahụ dum: mgbakwunye nickel plating addings na -agbakwunyere dịka usoro nke kiloampere, ma ọ bụ ego mgbakwunye dị ihe dị ka 200ml / Kah dabere na nsonaazụ mmepụta nke efere ahụ n’ezie; A na -agbakọ usoro ihe nchara plastik na -enweghị elektrọnik ugbu a site na -amụba 2 A / square decimeter site na mpaghara electroplating na efere; A na-edobe okpomoku nke nickel cylinder na ogo 40-55, yana ọnọdụ izugbe bụ ihe dịka ogo 50. Ya mere, a ga -eji sistemu njikwa kpo oku na nickel cylinder kwadoo ya;

Maintenance Nhazi usoro:

Na -agbakwụnye mgbakwunye mgbakwunye nickel na -abịa n’oge ka elekere kiloampere kwa ụbọchị; Lelee ma mgbapụta nzacha na -arụ ọrụ nke ọma yana enwere mgbapụta ikuku; Jiri akwa nhicha mmiri dị ọcha sachaa mkpanaka na-eduzi cathode kwa awa 2-3; Nyochaa ọdịnaya nke nickel sulfate (nickel sulfamate) (otu ugboro n’izu), nickel chloride (otu ugboro n’izu) na boric acid (otu ugboro n’izu) na cylinder ọla kọpa kwa izu, mezie ọdịnaya nke ihe mgbakwunye nickel plating site na ule sel sel. , ma gbakwunye akụrụngwa dị mkpa n’oge; Hichaa mkpanaka mkpanaka anode na njikọ eletriki na nsọtụ abụọ nke tank kwa izu, gbakwunye akụkụ nickel anode na nkata titanium n’oge, wee jiri obere 0.2-0.5 ASD dị ugbu a maka awa 6-8; Lelee ma akpa nkata titanium nke anode na -emebi kwa ọnwa, dochie ya n’oge; Lelee ma apịtị apịtị juputara na ala nke nkata titanium, wee hichaa ya n’oge ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị; Ejiri eriri carbon maka nzacha na-aga n’ihu ruo awa 6-8, ewepụrụ adịghị ọcha site na electrolysis dị ala ugbu a n’otu oge; Ọkara ọkara otu afọ ma ọ bụ karịa, chọpụta ma achọrọ ọgwụgwọ buru ibu (carbon ntụ ntụ na-arụ ọrụ) dị ka mmetọ mmiri mmiri si eme; Dochie ihe nzacha nke nfuli nzacha kwa izu abụọ;

Procedure Usoro ọgwụgwọ dị mkpa: A. wepụta anode, wụpụ anode, hichaa anode, wee tinye ya na gbọmgbọm juputara na nịkel nickel, gbarie elu nkuku nickel nwere micro etchant ka ọ bụrụ edo edo. Mgbe ịsachara na ihicha, tinye ya na nkata titanium wee tinye ya na tank acid maka njikere. B. gbanye nkata titanium anode na akpa anode n’ime ihe ngwọta 10% alkaline maka awa 6-8, sachaa ya na mmiri, wee mikpuo n’ime 5% tụgharịa sọlfọ acid, jiri mmiri sachaa ma kpọnwụọ; C. Nyefee mmiri mmiri tank ka ọ bụrụ na njikere, tinye 1-3ml / L 30% hydrogen peroxide, bido kpo oku, gbanye ikuku na-akpali akpali mgbe ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị ihe dịka 65 ℃, wee were ikuku kpuchiri ekpuchi ruo awa 2-4; D. Gbanyụọ ikuku na-akpali akpali, jiri nwayọ gbazee ntụ ntụ carbon na-arụ ọrụ n’ime ihe ngwọta tankị na ọnụego 3-5g / L, gbanye ikuku na-akpali akpali mgbe mgbazechara zuru oke, wee kpoo ọkụ maka awa 2-4; E. Gbanyụọ ikuku na -akpali akpali, kpoo ọkụ ma hapụ ka ntụ ntụ carbon na -arụ ọrụ gbadaa na ala nke tank ahụ nwayọ; F. Mgbe okpomoku gbadara ihe dịka 40 ℃, jiri ihe nzacha 10um PP na ntụ ntụ enyemaka iji hichaa mmiri mmiri tank n’ime tank na -arụ ọrụ nke ọma, gbanye ikuku, tinye ya na anode, kpọgide ya na efere electrolytic, wee pịa. 0. 2-0。 5asd njupụta dị ugbu a dị ala electrolysis dị ugbu a maka awa 6-8, G. mgbe nyochachara kemịkalụ, mezie ọdịnaya nke nickel sulfate ma ọ bụ nickel sulfamate, nickel chloride na boric acid na tank n’ime oke arụ ọrụ; Tinye mgbakwunye nickel plating dị ka nsonaazụ ule ụlọ Hall; H. Mgbe agba nke elu efere electrolytic bụ edo, kwụsị electrolysis, wee duzie ọgwụgwọ electrolytic dịka njupụta nke 1-1.5 ASD dị ugbu a maka nkeji 10-20 iji mee ka anode rụọ ọrụ; 1. Nnwale plating Ọ dị mma;

⑤ Mgbe ị na -agbakwụnye ọgwụ, ọ bụrụ na ego mgbakwunye dị ukwuu, dị ka nickel sulfate ma ọ bụ nickel sulfamate na nickel chloride, a ga -eji mmiri dị ala tinye ya na electrolyzed mgbe agbakwunyere; Mgbe ị na -agbakwunye acid boric, tinye boric acid ahụ n’ime akpa anode dị ọcha ma kpọgide ya na nickel cylinder. Enweghị ike itinye ya ozugbo na tank;

⑥ Mgbe nickel plating, a na -atụ aro ka ị gbakwunye mmiri ịsa mmiri wee mepee cylinder na mmiri dị ọcha, nke enwere ike iji gbakwunye ọkwa mmiri na -agbanwe site na ikpo ọkụ na nickel cylinder. Mgbe ịsachasịrị mmiri, a na -ejikọ ya na ịsa ahụ ọzọ;

Formula Usoro ịgbakọ ọgwụ ọjọọ:

Nickel sulfate (n’arọ) = (280-x) volume Mpịakọta tank (L) / 1000

Nickel chloride (kg) = (45-x) volume Mpịakọta tank (L) / 1000

Boric acid (n’arọ) = (45-x) volume olu tank (L) / 1000

（10） Nhọrọ ọla edo: a na -ekewa ya ka ọ bụrụ ọla edo siri ike (alloy gold) na usoro ọla edo (ezigbo ọla edo). Ngwakọta nke ihe mkpuchi ọla edo siri ike na nke ịsa ahụ ọla edo dị nro, mana enwere ụfọdụ ọla dị ka nickel, cobalt ma ọ bụ iron n’ime ịsa ahụ ọla edo siri ike;

① Nzube na ọrụ: dị ka ọla dị oke ọnụ ahịa, ọla edo nwere ezigbo ịgbado ọkụ, nguzogide ọxịdashọn, nguzogide corrosion, nguzogide kọntaktị dị ala na iyi nkwụsị.