Mekhoa ea ho roala bakeng sa PCB ke efe?

Mekhoa ea ho roala bakeng sa PCB ke efe?

The electroplating process of boto ea potoloho e ka aroloa ka asiti e khanyang ea koporo, elekere ea elektronike / khauta le thini ea motlakase.

Plating Line

1、 Classification of electroplating process:

Asiti khanyang koporo electroplating nikele / khauta electroplating thini

2, Process phallo:

Pickling → koporo plating ka boto kaofela → paterone phetiso → acid e degreasing → bobeli countercurrent rinsing → dikokwanyana mananose → mahareng → pickling → thini plating → bobeli countercurrent rinsing

Ho hlatsuoa khafetsa → ho qoela ka asiti → pente ea koporo e hlakileng → ho hlatsoa ka makhetlo a mabeli → pente ea nikele → Ho hlatsoa metsi ha bobeli → ho tšela asiti ea citric → ho roala khauta

3、 Process Description:

） 1, Pickling

Karolo le sepheo:

Tlosa oxide holim’a poleiti ‘me u sebelise holim’a poleiti. Ka kakaretso, mohopolo ke 5%, ‘me tse ling li bolokoa ka 10%, haholo ho thibela metsi ho tlisa le ho baka ts’oaetso e sa tsitsang ea sulfuric acid ka tankeng ea metsi;

Time Nako ea leaching ea asiti ha ea lokela ho ba telele haholo ho thibela ho kenella ha bokaholimo ba poleiti; Kamora ho sebelisoa nako e telele, haeba tharollo ea asiti e le lerootho kapa koporo e phahame haholo, e tla nkeloa sebaka ke nako ho thibela tšilafalo ea silindara sa koporo le poleiti;

CP grade sulfuric acid e tla sebelisoa mona;

（2） Full plate copper plating: also known as primary copper, plate electricity, panel plating ① function and purpose:

Protect the thin chemical copper just deposited, prevent the chemical copper from being etched by acid after oxidation, and add it to a certain extent by electroplating

Parameters Mehato ea tšebetso e amanang le ho roaloa ka koporo poleiting kaofela: tharollo ea bate e entsoe ka sulfate ea koporo le sulfuric acid. Sebopeho sa asiti e phahameng le koporo e tlase se amoheloa ho netefatsa ho ts’oana ha kabo ea botenya ba poleiti le bokhoni bo tebileng ba ho roala masoba a tebileng nakong ea electroplating; Sesebelisoa sa acid ea sulfuric hangata ke 180 g / L, mme boholo ba tsona bo fihla ho 240 g / L; Likahare tsa sulfate ea koporo hangata li ka ba 75 g / L. hape, palo e nyane ea chloride ion e eketsoa ka mokelikeli oa tanka joalo ka moemeli oa gloss ea thusang le moemeli oa gloss ea koporo ho bapala sephetho sa gloss hammoho; Palo ea pokello kapa silindara ea palo ea koporo ka kakaretso ke 3-5ml / L. keketso ea polishe ea koporo ka kakaretso e tlatsetsoa ho latela mokhoa oa kiloampere hora kapa ho latela sephetho sa ‘nete sa tlhahiso; Nako ea hona joale ea poleiti eohle ea electroplating ka kakaretso e baloa ka ho atisa 2 A / square decimeter ke sebaka sa electroplating poleiti. Bakeng sa poleiti kaofela, ke bolelele poleiti DM × Plate bophara DM × tse peli × 2A / DM2, Mocheso oa silindara koporo e lula ka mocheso kamore, ka kakaretso se likhato tse fetang 32, boholo laoloa likhato 22. Ka hona, ka lebaka la mocheso o phahameng hlabula, ho kgothaletswa ho kenya sistimi ea taolo ea mocheso o pholileng bakeng sa silindara sa koporo;

Tlhokomelo ea ts’ebetso:

Tlatsa polishe ea koporo ka nako ho latela lihora tsa kiloampere letsatsi ka leng, ‘me ue kenye ho latela 100-150ml / Kah; Hlahloba hore na pompo ea sefahla e sebetsa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng le hore na ho na le moea o dutlang; Hloekisa cathode conductive rod ka lesela le hloekileng le hloekileng ka lihora tse 2-3; Likateng tsa sulfate ea koporo (hang ka beke), acid e sulfuric (hang ka beke) le chloride ion (habeli ka beke) ka silindara sa koporo li tla hlahlojoa khafetsa beke le beke, litaba tsa brightener li tla fetoloa ka tlhahlobo ea sele ea Hall, le lisebelisoa tse amehang tse tala li tla tlatsetsoa ka nako; Hloekisa molamu o tsamaisang motlakase le lihokelo tsa motlakase lipheletsong tse peli tsa tanka beke e ‘ngoe le e’ ngoe, tlatsa bolo ea anode ea koporo ka basketeng ea thaethaniamo ka nako, ‘me u fe electrolyze ka 0.2-0.5 ASD ea morao-rao bakeng sa lihora tse 6-8; Hlahloba hore na mokotla oa boto ea thaethaniamo oa anode o senyehile khoeli e ‘ngoe le e’ ngoe, ebe oe khutlisa ka nako; Hlahloba hore na seretse sa anode se bokellane botlaaseng ba baskete ea anode titanium, ‘me u se hloekise ka nako haeba e le teng; Carbon core e ne e sebelisetsoa ho sefa e tsoelang pele bakeng sa lihora tse 6-8, ‘me litšila li ile tsa tlosoa ke electrolysis e tlase ea hona joale ka nako e le’ ngoe; Hoo e ka bang halofo ea selemo kapa ho feta, etsa qeto ea hore na kalafo e kholo (e sebelisitsoeng ka phofo ea khabone) ea hlokahala ho latela ts’ilafalo ea metsi a tanka; Kenya sebaka sa sesebelisoa sa pompo ea sefahleho ka mor’a libeke tse ling le tse ling tse peli;

Ts’ebetso e kholo ea kalafo: A. ntsha anode, tšollela anode, hloekisa filimi ea anode holim’a anode, ebe oe kenya moqomong o pakang anode ea koporo. Koahela bokaholimo ba sekhutlo ho bopherese bo ts’oanang le pinki e nyane. Kamora ho hlatsoa le ho omisa, e kenye ka basketeng ea titanium ebe o e kenya ka tankeng ea asiti bakeng sa ho emisa. B. inela baskete ea anode titanium le mokotla oa anode ka tharollo ea 10% ea alkaline bakeng sa lihora tse 6-8, hlatsoa le ho omella ka metsi, ebe o inela ka 5% hlapolla asiti ea sulfuric, Hlatsoa ‘me u omelle ka metsi bakeng sa ho emisa; C. Fetisetsa mokelikeli oa tanka ka tankeng e emeng, eketsa 1-3ml / L 30% hydrogen peroxide, qala ho futhumatsa, bulela moea o fuluhang ha thempereichara e ka ba 65 ℃, ‘me u fehle moea o khutsitseng ka lihora tse 2-4; Tlosa moea o sisinyehang, butle-butle qhala phofshoana ea khabone e kenngoe ka har’a tharollo ea tanka ka sekhahla sa 3-5g / L, bulela moea o fuluhang kamora ho qhala, ‘me u o boloke o futhumetse lihora tse 2-4; E. Tima moea o sisinyehang, futhumatsa ‘me u lumelle phofo e sebelisitsoeng ea khabone hore e lule tlase tankeng butle; F. Ha mocheso o theohela ho 40 ℃, sebelisa sesepa sa 10um PP le phofo ea thuso ho sefa metsi a tankeng ka tankeng e hloekisitsoeng ea ts’ebetso, bulela moea o sisinyehang, beha anode, o e fanyehe ka poleiti ea electrolytic, le electrolyze ho tlaase hajoale ho latela 0.2-0.5asd segokanyipalo sa hajoale sa lihora tse 6-8. G. fetola litaba tsa acid e sulfuric, sulfate ea koporo le ion ea chloride ka tankeng ho ea boemong bo tloaelehileng ba ts’ebetso kamora tlhahlobo ea laboratori; Tlatsa khanya ho latela liphetho tsa liteko tsa sele; H. Kamora hore ‘mala oa poleiti e be junifomo, motlakase o ka emisoa, ebe filimi ea elektrolytic e alafshoa lihora tse 1-2 ho latela boleng ba 1-1.5asd. Karolo ea filimi ea phosphorus e ntšo e nang le mamarello e teteaneng e tšoanang e thehiloe holim’a anode; 1. Ho lekoa ho lekoa;

⑤ The anode copper ball contains 0.3-0.6% phosphorus. The main purpose is to reduce the anode dissolution efficiency and reduce the production of copper powder;

⑥ Ha u tlatsa litlhare, haeba palo e le kholo, joalo ka sulfate ea koporo le sulfuric acid; Electrolysis ea hajoale e tlase e tla etsoa kamora ho eketsoa; Ela hloko polokeho ha o eketsa acid e sulfuric. Ha bongata ba asiti ea sulfuric e le kholo (ho feta lilithara tse 10), e kenye butle butle makhetlo a ‘maloa; Ho seng joalo, mocheso oa mokelikeli oa ho hlapa o tla ba holimo haholo, ho bola ha photocatalyst ho tla potlakisoa, ‘me mokelikeli oa bate o tla silafala;

Ho tla lebisoa tlhokomelo e khethehileng ho tlatsetso ea chloride ion, hobane sehlahisoa sa chloride ion se tlase haholo (30-90ppm), se lokela ho lekanngoa ka nepo ka silindara sa ho lekanya kapa senoelo sa ho lekanya pele se eketsoa; 1ml hydrochloric acid e na le hoo e ka bang 385ppm chloride ion,

Morero oa manollo ea litlatsetso ea lithethefatsi:

Copper sulfate (kg) = (75-x) × Tank volume (L) / 1000

Sulfuric acid (in liters) = (10% – x) g / L × Tank volume (L)

Or (in liters) = (180-x) g / L × Tank volume (L) / 1840

Hydrochloric acid (ML) = (60-x) ppm × Tank volume (L) / 385

（3, Acid e fokotseha

Ose Morero le ts’ebetso: tlosa oxide holim ‘a koporo ea mohala, filimi e setseng ea enke le sekhomaretsi se setseng,’ me u netefatse khokahano lipakeng tsa koporo ea mantlha le paterone e kopisang motlakase kapa koporo

② Remember to use acid degreaser here. Why not use alkaline degreaser, and the degreasing effect of alkaline degreaser is better than that of acid degreaser? Mainly because the graphic ink is not alkali resistant and will damage the graphic circuit, only acidic degreaser can be used before graphic electroplating.

③ Nakong ea tlhahiso, ho hlokahala feela hore o laole mohopolo le nako ea li-degreaser. Khakanyo ea li-degreaser e ka ba 10% mme nako e netefalitsoe hore e tla ba metsotso e 6. Nako e teletsana e ke ke ea ba le litlamorao tse mpe; Ts’ebeliso le phetisetso ea mokelikeli oa tanka e boetse e ipapisitse le mokelikeli o sebetsang oa 15 m2 / L, mme tlatsetso e tlatselletsang e ipapisitse le 100 m2 0. 5-0 8L ；

（4） Micro etching:

Mohala oa Eatching

① Purpose and function: clean and roughen the copper surface of the circuit to ensure the bonding force between pattern electroplating copper and primary copper

Pers Sulfate ea sodium e sebelisoa haholo joalo ka senokoane se nyane, se nang le sekhahla se tsitsitseng se ts’oanang sa coarsening le phepelo e ntle ea metsi. Khakanyo ea sodium persulfate ka kakaretso e laoloa hoo e ka bang 60 g / L mme nako e laoloa ho metsotsoana e ka bang 20. Ho eketsoa ha lithethefatsi ke lik’hilograma tse 3-4 ka limithara tse lisekoere tse 100; Likahare tsa koporo li tla laoloa ka tlase ho 20 g / L; Tlhokomelo e ngoe le phetisetso ea silindara li ts’oana le ts’enyeho ea koporo e nyane.

） 5, Pickling

Karolo le sepheo:

CP grade sulfuric acid e tla sebelisoa mona;

（6） Graphic copper plating: also known as secondary copper, circuit copper plating

Morero le ts’ebetso: ho fihlela mojaro o lekantsoeng oa mohala ka mong, mohala o mong le o mong le sekoti sa lesoba li hloka ho fihlela botenya bo itseng. Bakeng sa ho roaloa ka koporo, mokoti oa koporo le koporo ea mola li tla thatafala ho fihlela botenya bo itseng ka nako;

Lintho tse ling li tšoana le elektronike e felletseng ea elektroniki

（7） Electroplated tin ① purpose and function: the purpose of graphic electroplated pure tin mainly uses pure tin as a metal resist layer to protect circuit etching;

Mokelikeli oa metsi a hlatsoang o entsoe ka stannous sulfate, sulfuric acid le li-additives; Stannous sulphate e laoloa ka hoo e ka bang 35 g / L mme acid e sulfuric e laoloa ka 10%; Ho eketsoa ha litlatsetso tsa masenke ka kakaretso ho tlatsetsoa ho latela mokhoa oa hora ea kiloampere kapa ho latela sephetho sa ‘nete sa tlhahiso; Nako ea hona joale ea thini ea motlakase e baliloe ka kakaretso e le 1. 5 A / square decimeter e atisitsoeng ke sebaka sa electroplating poleiti; Mocheso oa silindara oa thini o lula o le motjhesong oa kamore. Ka kakaretso, mocheso ha o fete likhato tse 30 mme hangata o laoloa ka likhato tse 22. Ka hona, ka lebaka la mocheso o phahameng hlabula, ho kgothaletswa ho kenya sistimi ea taolo ea ho futhumatsa le mocheso bakeng sa silindara sa thini;

Tlhokomelo ea ts’ebetso:

Tlatsetsa ka nako e tlatsetso li-addititi tsa masenke ka nako ho latela lihora tsa kiloampere letsatsi ka leng; Hlahloba hore na pompo ea sefahla e sebetsa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng le hore na ho na le moea o dutlang; Hloekisa molamu o tsamaisang metsi ka rag e hloekileng e metsi ka lihora tse 2-3; Hlahloba stannous sulfate (hang ka beke) le sulfuric acid (hang ka beke) ka moqomo oa thini khafetsa beke e ‘ngoe le e’ ngoe, fetola litaba tsa li-additives tsa masenke ka tlhahlobo ea sele ea Hall, ‘me u tlatsetse lisebelisoa tse tala ka nako; Hloekisa molamu oa li-anode tse tsamaisang motlakase le lihokelo tsa motlakase lipheletsong ka bobeli tsa tanka beke le beke; Electrolysis e nang le 0.2-0.5 ASD ea morao-rao bakeng sa lihora tse 6-8 beke le beke; Mokotla oa anode o tla hlahlojoa khoeli le khoeli hore na o senyehile, ‘me o senyehileng o tla nkeloa sebaka ka nako; Hlahloba hore na ho na le seretse sa anode se bokellelitsoeng botlaaseng ba mokotla oa anode, ‘me u se hloekise ka nako haeba ho le teng; Sefa ka ho tsoelang pele le k’habone konokono lihora tse 6-8 khoeli le khoeli, ‘me tlosa litšila ke electrolysis tlaase jwale; Hoo e ka bang halofo ea selemo kapa ho feta, etsa qeto ea hore na kalafo e kholo (e sebelisitsoeng ka phofo ea khabone) ea hlokahala ho latela ts’ilafalo ea metsi a tanka; Kenya sebaka sa sesebelisoa sa pompo ea sefahleho ka mor’a libeke tse ling le tse ling tse peli;

Ts’ebetso e kholo ea kalafo: A. ntša anode, tlosa mokotla oa anode, hloekisa bokaholimo ba anode ka borashe ea koporo, e hlatsoe le ho e omisa ka metsi, e kenye ka mokotleng oa anode ebe o e kenya ka tankeng ea asiti bakeng sa ho emisa. B. inela mokotla oa anode ka tharollo ea 10% ea alkaline lihora tse 6-8, e hlatsoe ‘me u e omise ka metsi, e ineke ka 5% hlapolla asiti ea sulfuric,’ me ue hlatsoe le ho e omisa ka metsi bakeng sa ho emisa; C. Fetisetsa tharollo ea sele ka seleng e emeng ‘me butle-butle qhala phofshoana ea kh’abone e kenngoe kahara seleng ka sekhahla sa 3-5g / L. kamora hore tharollo e qhibilihe ka botlalo, e hlahise ka lihora tse 4-6, e sefa tharollo ea sele ka karolo ea 10um maq filtara le phofo ea thuso ho sele e hloekisitsoeng e sebetsang, e kenye ka anode, e e fanyehe ka poleiti ea electrolytic, le electrolyze maemong a tlase a 0.2-0.5asd segokanyipalo sa hajoale sa lihora tse 6-8. D. fetola acid e sulfuric ka seleng kamora tlhahlobo ea lik’hemik’hale, Stannous sulfate e kahare ho sebaka se tloaelehileng sa ts’ebetso; Kenya litlatsetso tsa masenke ho latela liphetho tsa liteko tsa sele; E. Emisa electrolysis kamora ‘mala oa poleiti ea electrolytic holim’a metsi e tšoana; F. Ho lekoa ho lekoa;

Ha o tlatsa litlhare, haeba chelete ea tlatsetso e le kholo, joalo ka stannous sulfate le sulfuric acid; Electrolysis ea hajoale e tlase e tla etsoa kamora ho eketsoa; Ela hloko polokeho ha o eketsa acid e sulfuric. Ha bongata ba asiti ea sulfuric e le kholo (ho feta lilithara tse 10), e kenye butle butle makhetlo a ‘maloa; Ho seng joalo, mocheso oa bateng o tla ba holimo haholo, oxide ea thini e tla tšeloa mali, ‘me botsofali ba mokelikeli bo tla potlakisoa.

Morero oa manollo ea litlatsetso ea lithethefatsi:

Stannous sulfate (yuniti: kg) = (40-x) × Tanka ea molumo (L) / 1000

Sulfuric acid (in liters) = (10% – x) g / L × Tank volume (L)

Or (in liters) = (180-x) g / L × Tank volume (L) / 1840

） 9） nikele plating

① Morero le ts’ebetso: mokelikeli oa nickel o sebelisoa haholo joalo ka mokoallo pakeng tsa lera la koporo le lera la khauta ho thibela ho hasanngoa ha khauta le koporo mme ho ama ho ts’ehetsa le bophelo ba ts’ebeletso ea boto; Ka nako e ts’oanang, tšehetso ea lera la nickel le eona e eketsa haholo matla a mochini oa lera la khauta;

② Mehato ea tšebetso e amanang le ho roaloa ka koporo poleiting kaofela: ho eketsoa ha litlatsetso tsa nickel plating ka kakaretso ho tlatselletsoa ho latela mokhoa oa hora ea kiloampere, kapa chelete ea tlatsetso e ka ba 200ml / Kah ho latela sephetho sa ‘nete sa poleiti; Nako ea ha joale ea paterone e se nang motlakase e sebetsoa ka bongata ka ho atisa 2 A / square decimeter ke sebaka sa electroplating poleiting; Mocheso oa silinda sa nickel o lula o le likhato tse 40-55, ‘me mocheso o akaretsang o ka ba likhato tse 50. Ka hona, silinda sa nickel se lokela ho ba le sistimi ea ho futhumatsa le taolo ea mocheso;

Tlhokomelo ea ts’ebetso:

Tlatsetsa li-additives tsa pente ea nickel ka nako ho latela lihora tsa kiloampere letsatsi ka leng; Hlahloba hore na pompo ea sefahla e sebetsa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng le hore na ho na le moea o dutlang; Hloekisa molamu o tsamaisang li-cathode ka rag e metsi e hloekileng lihora tse ling le tse ling tse 2-3; Hlahloba likahare tsa nickel sulfate (nickel sulfamate) (hang ka beke), nickel chloride (hang ka beke) le boric acid (hang ka beke) ka silindara sa koporo khafetsa beke e ‘ngoe le e’ ngoe, fetola likateng tsa li-additives tsa nickel ka tlhahlobo ea sele ea Hall. , le ho tlatselletsa thepa e tala ka nako; Hloekisa molamu o tsamaisang motlakase le lihokelo tsa motlakase lipheletsong tse peli tsa tanka beke e ‘ngoe le e’ ngoe, tlatselletsa leqhubu la node ea anode ka basketeng ea titanium ka nako, ‘me u ele electrolyze ka 0.2-0.5 ASD ea morao-rao bakeng sa lihora tse 6-8; Hlahloba hore na mokotla oa boto ea thaethaniamo oa anode o senyehile khoeli e ‘ngoe le e’ ngoe, ebe oe khutlisa ka nako; Hlahloba hore na seretse sa anode se bokellane botlaaseng ba baskete ea anode titanium, ‘me u se hloekise ka nako haeba se le teng; Carbon core e ne e sebelisetsoa ho sefa e tsoelang pele bakeng sa lihora tse 6-8, ‘me litšila li ile tsa tlosoa ke electrolysis e tlase ea hona joale ka nako e le’ ngoe; Hoo e ka bang halofo ea selemo kapa ho feta, etsa qeto ea hore na kalafo e kholo (e sebelisitsoeng ka phofo ea khabone) ea hlokahala ho latela ts’ilafalo ea metsi a tanka; Kenya sebaka sa sesebelisoa sa pompo ea sefahleho ka mor’a libeke tse ling le tse ling tse peli;

Ts’ebetso e kholo ea kalafo: A. ntšang anode, tšollela anode, le hloekise anode, ebe le e kenya moqomong o nang le sekhutlo sa nikele, ho khabisa bokaholimo ba sekhutlo sa nickel le micro etchant ho pinki e tšoanang. Kamora ho hlatsoa le ho omisa, e kenye ka basketeng ea titanium ebe o e kenya ka tankeng ea asiti bakeng sa ho emisa. B. inela baskete ea anode titanium le mokotla oa anode ka tharollo ea 10% ea alkaline bakeng sa lihora tse 6-8, hlatsoa le ho omella ka metsi, ebe o inela ka 5% hlapolla asiti ea sulfuric, Hlatsoa ‘me u omelle ka metsi bakeng sa ho emisa; C. Fetisetsa mokelikeli oa tanka ka tankeng e emeng, eketsa 1-3ml / L 30% hydrogen peroxide, qala ho futhumatsa, bulela moea o fuluhang ha thempereichara e ka ba 65 ℃, ‘me u fehle moea o khutsitseng ka lihora tse 2-4; Tlosa moea o sisinyehang, butle-butle qhala phofshoana ea khabone e kenngoe ka har’a tharollo ea tanka ka sekhahla sa 3-5g / L, bulela moea o fuluhang kamora ho qhala, ‘me u o boloke o futhumetse lihora tse 2-4; E. Tima moea o sisinyehang, futhumatsa ‘me u lumelle phofo e sebelisitsoeng ea khabone hore e lule tlase tankeng butle; F. Ha mocheso o theohela ho 40 ℃, sebelisa sesepa sa 10um PP le phofo ea thuso ho sefa metsi a tankeng ka tankeng e hloekisitsoeng ea ts’ebetso, bulela moea o sisinyehang, kenya anode, o e fanyehe ka poleiti ea electrolytic, ebe o tobetsa 0. 2-0。 5asd current density low electrolysis ea hona joale ea lihora tse 6-8, G. kamora tlhahlobo ea lik’hemik’hale, lokisa litaba tsa nickel sulfate kapa nickel sulfamate, nickel chloride le boric acid ka tankeng ho isa maemong a tloaelehileng a ts’ebetso; Kenya litlatsetso tsa nickel ho latela liphetho tsa liteko tsa sele; H. Kamora ‘mala oa poleiti ea elektrolytic e tšoana, emisa electrolysis, ebe o tsamaisa kalafo ea motlakase ho latela bongata ba 1-1.5 ASD bakeng sa metsotso e 10-20 ho kenya anode; 1. Ho lekoa ho lekoa;

⑤ Ha o tlatselletsa litlhare, haeba palo ea tlatsetso e le kholo, joalo ka nickel sulfate kapa nickel sulfamate le nickel chloride, e tla fuoa motlakase ka motlakase o tlase kamora ho eketsoa; Ha o eketsa boric acid, kenya boric acid e kentsoeng ka mokotleng o hloekileng oa anode ebe o e fanyeha ka silindara ea nikele. E ke ke ea eketsoa ka kotloloho ka tankeng;

Kamora ho roala nickel, ho kgothaletswa ho eketsa hlatsoetso ea metsi le ho bula silindara ka metsi a hloekileng, a ka sebelisoang ho tlatselletsa boemo ba mokelikeli o futhumalitsoeng ke ho futhumatsa silindara ea nikele. Kamora ho hlatsoa metsi, e hokahane le ho hlatsoa ka makhetlo a mabeli;

Morero oa manollo ea litlatsetso ea lithethefatsi:

Nickel sulfate (kg) = (280-x) × Tanka ea molumo (L) / 1000

Nickel chloride (kg) = (45-x) × Tanka ea molumo (L) / 1000

Boric acid (kg) = (45-x) × Tanka ea molumo (L) / 1000

Gold 10 gold Khauta ea motlakase: e arotsoe ka likhetho tsa khauta e thata (alloy ea khauta) le lits’ebetso tsa khauta ea metsi (khauta e hloekileng). Sebopeho sa sekoaelo se thata sa khauta ha e le hantle se tšoana le sa bate e bonolo ea khauta, empa ho na le lisebelisoa tse ling tse kang nickel, cobalt kapa tšepe ka bateng e thata ea khauta;

Morero le ts’ebetso: joalo ka tšepe ea bohlokoa, khauta e na le ts’ebeliso e ntle ea tšepe, khanyetso ea khase, ts’enyeho ea ts’enyeho, khanyetso e tlase ea ho ikopanya le ho itšireletsa