Ndedzipi nzira dzekunamatira dzePCB?

The electroplating process of circuit board inogona kuve yakarongedzwa kuita acid yakajeka mhangura electroplating, electroplated nickel / goridhe uye electroplated tini.

Yakanamirwa pamifananidzo Line

1, kupatsanura pamusoro electroplating muitiro:

Acid inopenya mhangura electroplating nickel / goridhe electroplating gaba

2, Maitiro kuyerera:

Kunhonga → mhangura yakanamirwa pamabhodhi ese → pateni kuchinjisa → asidhi kudzora → yechipiri countercurrent rinsing

Kuchenesa kweCercercurrent → kudhinda acid

3、 Process Description:

（1） Kunhonga

Basa uye chinangwa:

Bvisa oxide pamusoro peplate pamusoro uye gadzira iyo ndiro pamusoro. Kazhinji, iko kusungwa kuri 5%, uye kumwe kunochengetwa kungangoita gumi%, zvakanyanya kudzivirira kuti mvura isapinze nekukonzeresa kugadzikana kwesulfuric acid zvirimo mutangi remvura;

Acid Iyo asidhi leaching nguva haifanire kunge yakarebesa kudzivirira oxidation yeplate pamusoro; Mushure mekushandisa kwenguva yakati, kana iyo acid mhinduro iri turbid kana iyo yemhangura zvirimo zvakanyanya, inozotsiviwa nenguva yekudzivirira kusvibiswa kweakafukidzwa mhangura yemhangura neplate pamusoro;

③ CP grade sulfuric acid ichashandiswa pano;

） 2, Yakazara ndiro yemhangura yakanamirwa pamoto: inozivikanwa seyekutanga mhangura, ndiro yemagetsi, pani yakanamirwa pamoto, basa uye chinangwa:

Protect the thin chemical copper just deposited, prevent the chemical copper from being etched by acid after oxidation, and add it to a certain extent by electroplating

② Maitiro eparamende ane chekuita nendarira yakanamirwa pahwendefa rese: mhinduro yekugezesa inonyanyoumbwa nemhangura sulfate uye sulfuric acid. Fomura yeakakwira acid uye yakadzika mhangura inogamuchirwa kuona kufanana kweplate ukobvu kugoverwa uye yakadzika yakanamirwa pamhepo kugona kwemakomba akadzika panguva yeelectroplating; Iyo sulfuric acid yezvinyorwa inonyanya kuita 180 g / L, uye mazhinji acho anosvika 240 g / L; Zvemukati memhangura sulphate zvinowanzoita makumi manomwe neshanu g / L. mukuwedzera, shoma kloride ion inowedzerwa kune tangi yemvura semubatsiri gloss mumiriri uye yemhangura gloss mumiriri kutamba iyo gloss mhedzisiro pamwe; Iyo yekuwedzera huwandu kana humburumbira kuvhura huwandu hwemhangura polish inowanzo kuve 75-3ml / L. iyo yekuwedzeredzwa yemhangura polish inowanzo kuwedzerwa zvinoenderana nenzira ye kiloampere awa kana zvinoenderana neicho chaicho chigadzirwa chaicho. Ikozvino kweiyo yakazara ndiro electroplating inowanzo kuverengerwa nekuwandisa 5 A / mativi dhizaiti nenzvimbo ye electroplating pane ndiro. Kune iyo yose ndiro, iyo ndiro yeplate kureba DM × Plate upamhi DM × maviri × 2A / DM2, Iyo tembiricha yesirinda yemhangura inochengetwa pane tembiricha yemukati, kazhinji hapana anodarika makumi matatu nemadhigirii, kazhinji anodzorwa pamadhigirii makumi maviri nemaviri. Naizvozvo, nekuda kwetembiricha yakakwira muzhizha, zvinokurudzirwa kuisa inotonhodza tembiricha yekudzora sisitimu yemhangura;

③ Maitiro ekugadzirisa:

Dzokorora polish yemhangura munguva zvinoenderana nema kiloampere maawa zuva rega rega, uye wobva wawedzera maererano ne100-150ml / Kah; Tarisa kana iyo firita pombi inoshanda zvakajairika uye kana paine mhepo leakage; Chenesa iyo cathode conductive tsvimbo nemucheka wakachena wakanyorova ese 2-3 maawa; Zvemukati memhangura sulphate (kamwe pasvondo), sulfuric acid (kamwe pasvondo) uye chloride ion (kaviri pasvondo) mune sirinda yemhangura ichaongororwa nguva zhinji svondo rega rega, zvirimo zvinojekesa zvinogadziriswa kuburikidza neHall cell test, uye zvakakosha zvigadzirwa mbichana zvinowedzerwa munguva; Chenesa iyo anode conductive tsvimbo uye magetsi ekubatanidza kumagumo ese kwetangi vhiki yega yega, zadza iyo anode mhangura bhora mune titanium tswanda munguva, uye electrolyze ine yakaderera yazvino 0.2-0.5 ASD kwemaawa 6-8; Tarisa uone kana titanium bhegi bhegi reanode rakakuvara mwedzi wega, wozvitsiva nenguva; Tarisa uone kuti anode matope akaunganidzwa pazasi peanode titanium tswanda, uye richenese munguva kana iripo; Carbon musimboti waishandiswa kuenderera mberi nekusefa kwemaawa 6-8, uye marara akabviswa nepasi razvino electrolysis panguva imwe chete; Chikamu chega chega chegore kana zvakadaro, sarudza kana kurapa kwakakura (kwakaitwa kabhoni poda) kunodiwa maererano netangi kusvibiswa kwemvura; Tsiva chinhu chesefa chepombi yekusefa vhiki mbiri dzese;

④ Maitiro makuru ekurapa: A. tora anode, udurure iyo anode, suka firimu yeanode pane iyo anode pamusoro, wozoiisa mudhiramu kurongedza mhangura anode. Roughen yemhangura yekona pamusoro kune yunifomu pink ine micro etchant. Mushure mekugeza uye nekuomesa, isai mukati metiani bhasikiti woiisa mutangi yeasidhi yekumira. B. sadza iyo anode titanium tswanda uye anode bhegi mu10% alkaline mhinduro kwemaawa 6-8, geza uye woma nemvura, uye wozonyorova mu5% sanganisa sulfuric acid, Shamba uye woma nemvura yekumira; C. Chinja tangi mvura kune yekumira tangi, wedzera 1-3ml / L 30% hydrogen peroxide, tanga kupisa, batidza mweya uchimutsa kana tembiricha ingangoita 65 ℃, uye fambisa nemhepo yakadzivirirwa kwemaawa maviri kusvika mana; Dzima mweya unomutsa, zvishoma nezvishoma nyungudusa kabhoni poda yakaiswa mutangi solution pachiyero che2g / L, vhura mweya uchimutsa mushure mekupera kwapera, uye chengeta uchidziya kwemaawa maviri kusvika maviri; E. Dzima mhepo inomutsa, pisa uye rega iyo yakagadziriswa kabhoni poda igare pasi petangi zvishoma nezvishoma; F yakaderera yazvino zvinoenderana 4-3asd ikozvino kuwanda kwemaawa 5-2. G. gadzirisa zvirimo sulfuric acid, mhangura sulphate uye chloride ion mutangi kune yakajairwa mashandiro renji mushure mekuongororwa kwerabhoritari; Dzorerazve iyo inopenya zvinoenderana neImba yesero bvunzo mhedzisiro; H. Mushure mevara replate iri yunifomu, iyo electrolysis inogona kumiswa, uyezve iyo electrolytic firimu inorapwa kwemaawa 4-40 maererano neazvino kuwanda kwe10-0.2asd. Iyo fosi yeye nhema phosphorus firimu ine yunifomu dense adhesion inoumbwa pane anode; 0.5. Kwayedza yakanamirwa pamiti OK;

⑤ The anode copper ball contains 0.3-0.6% phosphorus. The main purpose is to reduce the anode dissolution efficiency and reduce the production of copper powder;

⑥ Kana uchizadza zvakare zvinodhaka, kana huwandu hwacho hwakakura, senge sulfate yemhangura uye sulfuric acid; Low current electrolysis ichaitwa mushure mekuwedzera; Teerera chengetedzo paunenge uchiwedzera sulfuric acid. Kana huwandu hwe sulfuric acid hwakakura (anopfuura gumi litita), wedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kanoverengeka; Zvikasadaro, tembiricha yemvura yekugezesa ichave yakanyanya kukwirisa, iyo photocatalyst kuora ichawedzeredzwa, uye mvura yekugeza ichasvibiswa;

⑦ Kunyanya kutariswa kuchabhadharwa kune yekuwedzera yekloride ion, nekuti iyo chloride ion zvirimo yakanyanya kuderera (30-90ppm), inofanirwa kuyerwa nenzira kwayo nesirinda yekuyera kana mukombe wekuyera usati wawedzera; 1ml hydrochloric acid ine inenge 385ppm chloride ion,

⑧ Zvinodhaka kuwedzera kuverenga kuverenga:

Copper sulfate (kg) = (75-x) × Tank volume (L) / 1000

Sulfuric acid (in liters) = (10% – x) g / L × Tank volume (L)

Or (in liters) = (180-x) g / L × Tank volume (L) / 1840

Hydrochloric acid (ML) = (60-x) ppm × Tank volume (L) / 385

） 3） Acid inopera

① Chinangwa uye basa: bvisa oxide pamusoro pemhangura pamusoro pemutsara, yakasara firimu yeingi neakasara glue, uye chengetedza kunamatirana pakati pekutanga mhangura uye pateni electroplating mhangura kana nickel

② Remember to use acid degreaser here. Why not use alkaline degreaser, and the degreasing effect of alkaline degreaser is better than that of acid degreaser? Mainly because the graphic ink is not alkali resistant and will damage the graphic circuit, only acidic degreaser can be used before graphic electroplating.

③ Panguva yekugadzirwa, zvinongodiwa chete kudzora kusungwa uye nguva yeacrereaser. Iko kusungirirwa kwe degreaser kuri nezve 10% uye iyo nguva inovimbiswa kuve maminetsi matanhatu. Nguva diki diki haizove nemhedzisiro. Iko kushandiswa uye kutsiva kwetangi emvura zvakare yakavakirwa pa6 m15 / L inoshanda mvura, uye yekuwedzera yekuwedzera yakavakirwa pa2 m100 2. 0-5. 0L ；

（4） Micro etching:

Mutsetse

① Chinangwa uye basa: yakachena uye roughen iyo yemhangura pamusoro wedunhu kuti ive nechokwadi chekubatanidza simba pakati pemaitiro electroplating mhangura uye yekutanga mhangura

Pers Sodium persulfate inonyanya kushandiswa seye micro etchant, ine yakagadzikana uye yunifomu coaringening chiyero uye yakanaka mvura ishability. Iko kusunganidzwa kwesodiyumu persulfate inowanzo kudzorwa panenge 60 g / L uye iyo nguva inodzorwa pamasekondi makumi maviri. Iko kuwedzerwa kwemishonga ndeye 20-3 kg pa4 mativi emamita; Zvemukati zvemukati zvinodzorwa pazasi pe100 g / L; Kumwe kugadzirisa uye humbiso kutsiva kwakafanana nemhangura kunaya micro ngura.

（5） Kunhonga

Basa uye chinangwa:

Bvisa oxide pamusoro peplate pamusoro uye gadzira iyo ndiro pamusoro. Kazhinji, iko kusungwa kuri 5%, uye kumwe kunochengetwa kungangoita gumi%, zvakanyanya kudzivirira kuti mvura isapinze nekukonzeresa kugadzikana kwesulfuric acid zvirimo mutangi remvura;

Acid Iyo asidhi leaching nguva haifanire kunge yakarebesa kudzivirira oxidation yeplate pamusoro; Mushure mekushandisa kwenguva yakati, kana iyo acid mhinduro iri turbid kana iyo yemhangura zvirimo zvakanyanya, inozotsiviwa nenguva yekudzivirira kusvibiswa kweakafukidzwa mhangura yemhangura neplate pamusoro;

③ CP grade sulfuric acid ichashandiswa pano;

） 6, Graphic mhangura yakanamirwa pamifananidzo: inozivikanwa seyechipiri mhangura, redunhu mhangura yakanamirwa pamifananidzo

① Chinangwa uye basa: kuitira kuti usangane nemutoro wazvino weti yemutsetse wega wega, mutsetse wega wega uye gomba remhangura zvinoda kusvika kune imwe hukobvu. Nechinangwa cheiyo tambo yemhangura yakakwenenzverwa, iyo gomba mhangura uye mutsara mhangura inokosheswa kune imwe hukobvu munguva;

② Zvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana neplate yakazara electroplating

（7） Electroplated tin ① purpose and function: the purpose of graphic electroplated pure tin mainly uses pure tin as a metal resist layer to protect circuit etching;

② Mvura yekugezesa inonyanya kuverengerwa ne stannous sulfate, sulfuric acid uye zvinowedzera; Stannous sulfate zvemukati zvinodzorwa panosvika 35 g / L uye sulfuric acid inodzorwa panenge gumi%; Kuwedzeredzwa kwemataini ekuwedzera zvinowedzerwa zvinowedzeredzwa zvichienderana nenzira yekirampere yeawa kana zvinoenderana neicho chaicho chigadzirwa. Ikozvino ye electroplated tini inowanzo kuverengerwa se 10. 1 A / square decimeter yakawedzeredzwa nenzvimbo ye electroplating iri mundiro; Iyo tembiricha yeiyi tirairi yakasungwa inochengetedzwa pakamuri tembiricha. Kazhinji, iyo tembiricha haipfuure madigiri makumi matatu uye inowanzo kudzorwa pamadhigirii makumi maviri nemaviri. Naizvozvo, nekuda kwetembiricha yakakwira muzhizha, zvinokurudzirwa kuisa inotonhorera uye tembiricha yekudzivirira sisitimu yeiyi;

③ Maitiro ekugadzirisa:

Nenguva yakafanira inowedzera tini yekuisa zvinowedzerwa zvinoenderana nema kiloampere maawa zuva rega rega; Tarisa kana iyo firita pombi inoshanda zvakajairika uye kana paine mhepo leakage; Chenesa iyo cathode conductive tsvimbo ine yakachena yakanyorova mamvemve maawa ese 2-3 maawa; Ongorora stannous sulphate (kamwe pasvondo) uye sulfuric acid (kamwe pasvondo) mune tin cylinder nguva dzose svondo rega, gadzirisa zvirimo zvemataini ekuisa zvinowedzerwa kuburikidza neHall cell test, uye wedzera zvakafanira mbishi zvigadzirwa munguva; Chenesa iyo anode conductive tsvimbo uye nemagetsi zvinongedzo kumagumo ese kwetangi vhiki rese; Electrolysis ine yakaderera ikozvino 0.2-0.5 ASD kwemaawa matanhatu kusvika masere pasvondo; Bhegi reanode rinofanira kuongororwa mwedzi wega wega kuti rikuvara here, uye rakakuvara rinotsiviwa nenguva; Tarisa uone kana paine anode madhaka akaunganidzwa pazasi peiyo anode bhegi, uye richenese munguva kana paine; Sefa uchienderera mberi nekabhoni yakakosha kwemaawa matanhatu kusvika kumatanhatu mwedzi wega, uye bvisa tsvina nezvakaderera zvemagetsi zvemagetsi; Chikamu chega chega chegore kana zvakadaro, sarudza kana kurapa kwakakura (kwakaitwa kabhoni poda) kunodiwa maererano netangi kusvibiswa kwemvura; Tsiva chinhu chesefa chepombi yekusefa vhiki mbiri dzese;

⑨ Maitiro makuru ekurapa: A. bvisa iyo anode, bvisa bhegi reanode, suka iyo anode pamusoro pebhurashi remhangura, geza uye riomese nemvura, riise muhombodo yeanode woiisa mutangi yeacid yekumira. B. nyudza bhegi yeanode mu 10% alkaline solution kwemaawa 6-8, geza woomesa nemvura, inyorove mu5% sanganisa sulphuric acid, uye wogeza nekuomesa nemvura yekumira; C. Chinja mhinduro yesero kune iyo inomira sero uye zvishoma nezvishoma nyungudutsa yakamisikidzwa kabhoni poda musero mhinduro pachiyero che 3-5g / L. mushure mekunge mhinduro yacho yaparara zvachose, inoshambadza kwemaawa 4-6, svina mhinduro yesero. ine 10um PP firita chinhu uye firita yekubatsira poda kune yakacheneswa inoshanda sero, isai mune anode, iturike mukati me electrolytic ndiro, uye electrolyze pazasi yazvino ye0.2-0.5asd yazvino kuwanda kwemaawa 6-8. D. gadzirisa iyo sulfuric acid musero mushure mekuongororwa kwemakemikari, Stannous sulphate zvemukati mukati meyakajairika nzvimbo yekushanda; Wedzera tini yekuisa zvinowedzerwa maererano neImba yesero bvunzo mhedzisiro; E. Mira electrolysis mushure mevara reiyo electrolytic ndiro yepasi yunifomu; F. Kwayedza yakanamirwa pamota OK;

④ Paunenge uchizadza zvakare zvinodhaka, kana iyo yekuwedzera huwandu hwakawanda, senge stannous sulfate uye sulfuric acid; Low current electrolysis ichaitwa mushure mekuwedzera; Teerera chengetedzo paunenge uchiwedzera sulfuric acid. Kana huwandu hwe sulfuric acid hwakakura (anopfuura gumi litita), wedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kanoverengeka; Zvikasadaro, iyo tembiricha yekugezesa ichave yakanyanya kukwirisa, iyo tin oxide ichave yakasanganiswa, uye kuchembera kwemvura kuchawedzerwa.

⑤ Zvinodhaka kuwedzera kuverenga kuverenga:

Stannous sulfate (uniti: kg) = (40-x) × Tank vhoriyamu (L) / 1000

Sulfuric acid (in liters) = (10% – x) g / L × Tank volume (L)

Or (in liters) = (180-x) g / L × Tank volume (L) / 1840

） 9, Nickel yakanamirwa pamifananidzo

① Chinangwa uye basa: nickel yakanamirwa pamatanda nhepfenyuro inowanzo shandiswa seyakavharidzira nhete pakati pemhangura yegoridhe uye nhete yegoridhe kudzivirira kuwirana kwegoridhe nemhangura uye kukanganisa kugona uye nehupenyu hwebasa; Panguva imwecheteyo, kutsigirwa kweiyo nickel dura zvakare kunowedzera zvakanyanya kusimba kwesimba regoridhe goridhe;

② Maitiro eparamende ane chekuita nendarira yakanamirwa pamucheka wese: kuwedzerwa nickel yekuisa zvinowedzerwa zvinowanzo kuwedzerwa zvinoenderana nemaitiro ekirampere awa, kana iyo yekuwedzera huwandu ingangoita 200ml / Kah zvinoenderana neicho chaicho chigadzirwa cheplate; Iyo yazvino pateni yemagetsi isina nickel yakanamirwa pamoto inowanzo kuverengerwa nekuwandisa 2 A / mativi desimeter nenzvimbo ye electroplating pane ndiro; Iyo tembiricha yeiyo nickel humburumbira inochengetwa pamadhigirii 40-55, uye tembiricha yakajairika ingangoita madhigirii makumi mashanu. Naizvozvo, iyo nickel humburumbira inofanira kuve nemidziyo yekupisa uye yekushisa tembiricha;

③ Maitiro ekugadzirisa:

Nenguva yakafanira inowedzera nickel yekuisa zvinowedzerwa zvinoenderana nema kiloampere maawa zuva rega rega; Tarisa kana iyo firita pombi inoshanda zvakajairika uye kana paine mhepo leakage; Chenesa iyo cathode conductive tsvimbo ine yakachena yakanyorova mamvemve maawa ese 2-3 maawa; Ongorora zviri mukati meini nickel sulphate (nickel sulfamate) (kamwe pasvondo), nickel chloride (kamwe pasvondo) uye boric acid (kamwe pasvondo) mune sirinda yemhangura nguva dzese svondo, gadzirisa zvirimo zveinickel plating zvinowedzera kuburikidza neHall cell test , uye yekuwedzera akakodzera mbishi zvigadzirwa munguva; Chenesa iyo anode conductive tsvimbo uye magetsi ekubatanidza kumagumo ese kwetangi vhiki rega rega, wedzera iyo anode nickel angle mune iyo titanium tswanda munguva, uye electrolyze ine yakaderera yazvino 0.2-0.5 ASD kwemaawa 6-8; Tarisa uone kana titanium bhegi bhegi reanode rakakuvara mwedzi wega, wozvitsiva nenguva; Tarisa uone kuti anode matope akaunganidzwa pazasi peanode titanium tswanda, uye richenese munguva kana iripo; Carbon musimboti waishandiswa kuenderera mberi nekusefa kwemaawa 6-8, uye marara akabviswa nepasi razvino electrolysis panguva imwe chete; Chikamu chega chega chegore kana zvakadaro, sarudza kana kurapa kwakakura (kwakaitwa kabhoni poda) kunodiwa maererano netangi kusvibiswa kwemvura; Tsiva chinhu chesefa chepombi yekusefa vhiki mbiri dzese;

④ Maitiro makuru ekurapa: A. kutora anode, kudurura iyo anode, kuchenesa iyo anode, uye wozoiisa mudhiramu rakazara nickel kona, inomhara pamusoro penzvimbo yekona neiyo micro etchant kune yunifomu pingi. Mushure mekugeza uye nekuomesa, isai mukati metiani bhasikiti woiisa mutangi yeasidhi yekumira. B. sadza iyo anode titanium tswanda uye anode bhegi mu10% alkaline mhinduro kwemaawa 6-8, geza uye woma nemvura, uye wozonyorova mu5% sanganisa sulfuric acid, Shamba uye woma nemvura yekumira; C. Chinja tangi mvura kune yekumira tangi, wedzera 1-3ml / L 30% hydrogen peroxide, tanga kupisa, batidza mweya uchimutsa kana tembiricha ingangoita 65 ℃, uye fambisa nemhepo yakadzivirirwa kwemaawa maviri kusvika mana; Dzima mweya unomutsa, zvishoma nezvishoma nyungudusa kabhoni poda yakaiswa mutangi solution pachiyero che2g / L, vhura mweya uchimutsa mushure mekupera kwapera, uye chengeta uchidziya kwemaawa maviri kusvika maviri; E. Dzima mhepo inomutsa, pisa uye rega iyo yakagadziriswa kabhoni poda igare pasi petangi zvishoma nezvishoma; F 4. 3-5. 2asd yazvino kuwanda kwakaderera kwazvino electrolysis kwemaawa 4-40, G. mushure mekuongororwa kwemakemikari, gadzirisa zvirimo zvenickel sulphate kana nickel sulfamate, nickel chloride uye boric acid mutangi kune yakajairwa mashandiro; Wedzera nickel yekuisa zvinowedzera maererano neImba yesero bvunzo mhedzisiro; H. Mushure mevara reiyo electrolytic ndiro yepamusoro iri yunifomu, mira electrolysis, uye wozoitisa electrolytic kurapwa zvinoenderana neazvino kuwanda kwe10 ASD kwemaminetsi gumi kusvika gumi nemashanu kuita iyo anode; 0. Kwayedza yakanamirwa pamiti OK;

⑤ Kana uchiwedzera mishonga, kana iyo yekuwedzera mari yakakura, senge nickel sulphate kana nickel sulfamate uye nickel chloride, inozobatwa nemagetsi nemhepo yakaderera yazvino mushure mekuwedzera; Paunenge uchiwedzera boric acid, isa iyo yakawedzera boric acid muhombodo yakachena yeanodei ndokuturika mu Nickel cylinder. Haikwanise kuwedzerwa zvakananga mutangi;

⑥ Mushure mekukweva nickel, zvinokurudzirwa kuwedzera kudzoreredza mvura yekugeza uye kuvhura humburumbira nemvura yakachena, iyo inogona kushandiswa kukwidziridza mwero wemvura wakagadziriswa nekupisa mu nickel cylinder. Mushure mekudzoreredza mvura yekugeza, inosangana neyechipiri countercurrent rinsing;

⑦ Zvinodhaka kuwedzera kuverenga kuverenga:

Nickel sulphate (kg) = (280-x) × Tangi vhoriyamu (L) / 1000

Nickel chloride (kg) = (45-x) × Tank vhoriyamu (L) / 1000

Boric acid (kg) = (45-x) × Tangi vhoriyamu (L) / 1000

（10, Electroplating goridhe: rakakamurwa kuita electroplating yakaoma goridhe (goridhe chiwanikwa) uye mvura goridhe (yakachena goridhe) maitiro. Iko kuumbwa kwekuomesa goridhe rakaomarara kwakangofanana neiya yekushambidza yegoridhe yekugezesa, asi kune zvimwe zvinoteedzera simbi senge nickel, cobalt kana iron mune yakaoma goridhe bath;

① Chinangwa uye basa: sesimbi yakakosha, goridhe ine weldability yakanaka, oxidation kuramba, ngura kuramba, yakaderera kuonana kuramba uye kupfeka kuramba